Facebook, YouTube and Instagram: Exploring Their Effects on Undergraduate Students’ Personality Traits
Keywords:
Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Five-factor model, personality traitsAbstract
Research presented in this article examines the effects of social media usage on Norman’s (1963) five-factor personality traits. Drawing upon the Five-Factor Model of personality traits, a research model that examines the effect of social media on personality traits was developed. The validated model provides evidence of the effects of Facebook, YouTube and Instagram usage on Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism and Openness to Experience.
References
Akter, T. (2014). Social media addiction, resistance, and influence of awareness: Measurement of psychology students' resistance to Facebook addiction. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(8), 456-464.
Amichai, H. Y., & Vinitzky, G. (2010). Social network use and personality. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1289-1295.
Amichai, H. Y., Wainapel, G., & Fox, S. (2002). On the internet no one knows I’m an introvert: Extroversion, neuroticism, and internet interaction. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 2, 125-128.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Atuahene, G. K. (2005). Resolving the capability-rigidity paradox in new product innovation. Journal of Marketing, 69, 61-83.
Bachrach, Y, Kohli, P, Graepel, T, Kosinski, M. & Stillwell, D. (2012). Personality and patterns of Facebook usage. Proceedings of the ACM Web Science Conference, p. 36-44. Retrieved on 25th April 2015 from http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/163535/ FacebookPersonality_michal_ 29_04_12.pdf.
Bai, S., Zhu, T., & Cheng, L. (2012). Big-five personality prediction based on user behaviors at social network sites. Retrieved on 1st Sept 2014 from http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.4809.
Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2):285–309.
Bergman, S. M., Fearrington, M. E., Davenport, S. W., & Bergman, J. Z. (2011). Millennials, narcissism, and social networking: What narcissists do on social networking sites and why. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5):706–711. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.022.
Borneo Post Online. (2013). 13.3 million M’sians are Facebook users. Retrieved 5th February 2014 from http://www.theborneopost.com/
Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34,1303–1314.
Butt, S. & Phillips, J.G. (2008). Personality and self-reported mobile phone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 346-360.
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modelling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Correa, T., Hinsley, A.W., & de Zuniga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the Web? The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 247–253.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. Jr. (1992). NEOPI-R professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Creighton, J.L., Foster, J.W., Klingsmith, L. & Withey, D.K. (2013). I just look it up: Undergraduate student perception of social media use in their academic success. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 2(2), 27-46.
Curtis, L., Edwards, C., Fraser, K. L., Gudelsky, S, Holmquist, J., Thornton, K. & Sweetser, K. (2010). Adoption of social media for public relations by nonprofit organizations. Public Relations Review, 36(1), 90-92.
De Raad, B. (2000). The big five personality factors: The psycho-lexical approach to personality. Gottingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
Falk RF, Miller NB. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Akron: University of Akron Press.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50.
Garson, G. D. (2009). Structural equation modeling. Retrieved on 13th September 2012 from http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/structur.htm#negativevariance.
Gelissen, J., & de Graaf, P. M. (2006). Personality, social background, and occupational career success. Social Science Research, 35,702-726.
Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In Mervielde I, Deary I, De Fruyt F, Ostendorf F, eds. Personality Psychology in Europe.Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.pp. 7-28. Retrieved on 12th January 2013 from http://ipip.ori.org/newBroadbandText.htm.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
Gosling, S. D., Augustine, A. A., Vazire, S., Holtzman, N., & Gaddis, S. (2011). Manifestations of personality in online social networks: Self-reported facebook-related behaviors and observable profile information. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(9), 483-488. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0087.
Guadagno, R. E., Okdie, B. M., & Eno, C. A. (2008). Who blogs? Personality predictors of blogging. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1993-2004.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6, 1-55.
Hunt, D.S. & Langstedt, E. (2014). The influence of personality on digital photo sharing. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 3(2), 42-64.
Igbaria, M., Guimaraes, T., & Davis, G. B. (1995). Testing the determinants of micro-computer usage via structural equation model. Journal of Management Information Systems, 11(4), 87-114.
International Personality Item Pool (IPIP). (n.d.) A Scientific Collaboratory for the Development of Advanced Measures of Personality Traits and Other Individual Differences (http://ipip.ori.org/). Internet Web Site.
Jenkins, Guarnieri M. A., Wright, S. L., & Hudiburgh, L. M. (2012). The relationships among attachment style, personality traits, interpersonal competency, and Facebook use. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 273-322.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010). Social media and mobile Internet use among teens and young adults. Washington: Pew Research Centre.
Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commissions. (2014). Communication and multimedia: Pocket book of statistics (Q1 2014). Retrieved on 19th August 2014 from http://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/Q1_2014C-MPocket.pdf.
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1991). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Retrieved on July 24, 2014 from http://psych.colorado.edu/~ carey/courses/psyc5112/readings/psnbig5_mccrae03.pdf.
McKinney, B. C., Kelly, L., & Duran, R. L. (2012). Narcissism or openness? College students’ use of Facebook and Twitter. Communication Research Reports, 29(2), 108-118.
Moore, K., & McElroy, J. (2012). The influence of personality on Facebook usage, wall postings, and regret. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 267-274.
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ozguven, N., & Mucan, B. (2013). The relationship between personality traits and social media use. Social Behavior and Personality, 41(3), 517-528.
Quintelier, E., & Theocharis, Y. (2013). Online political engagement, Facebook, and personality traits. Social Science Computer Review, 31(3), 280-290.
Ross, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., & Orr, R. R. (2009). Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 578–586.
Ryan, T., & Xenos, S. (2011). Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the Big Five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1658-1664. doi 10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.004.
Santosa, P. I., Wei, K. K., & Chan, H. C. (2005). User involvement and user satisfaction with information-seeking activity. European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 361-370.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Socialbakers.com. (2013). Malaysia Facebook statistics. Retrieved on 16th July 2014 from http://www.socialbakers.com/facebook-statistics/malaysia.
Stieger, S., Burger, C., Bohn, M., & Voracek, M. (2013). Who commits virtual identity suicide? Differences in privacy concerns, internet addiction, and personality between Facebook users and quitters. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(9), 629-634.
Straub, D. W. (1989). Validating instruments in MIS research. MIS Quarterly, 13(2), 147-169.
Sultan, A. J. (2014). Addiction to mobile text messaging applications is nothing to “lol” about. The Social Science Journal, 51(1), 57-69.
The, P. L., Yong, C. C., Chong, C. W., & Yew, S. Y. (2011). Do the Big Five personality factors affect knowledge sharing behaviour? A study of Malaysian universities. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 16(1), 47-62.
Wang, J. L., Jackson, L. A., Zhang, D. J., & Su, Z. Q. (2012). The relationships among the Big Five Personality factors, self-esteem, narcissism, and sensation-seeking to Chinese University students’ uses of social networking sites (SNSs). Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2313–2319.
Warren, A. M. , Sulaiman, A., & Jaafar, N. I. (2014). Social media effects on fostering online civic engagement and building citizen trust and trust in institutions. Government Information Quarterly, 31(2), 291–301.
Wilson, K., Fornasier, S., & White, K. M. (2010). Psychological predictors of young adults’ use of social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 173-177.
Yoo, K. H., & Gretzel, U. (2011). Influence of personality on travel-related consumer-generated media creation. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 609-621.
Amichai, H. Y., & Vinitzky, G. (2010). Social network use and personality. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1289-1295.
Amichai, H. Y., Wainapel, G., & Fox, S. (2002). On the internet no one knows I’m an introvert: Extroversion, neuroticism, and internet interaction. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 2, 125-128.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Atuahene, G. K. (2005). Resolving the capability-rigidity paradox in new product innovation. Journal of Marketing, 69, 61-83.
Bachrach, Y, Kohli, P, Graepel, T, Kosinski, M. & Stillwell, D. (2012). Personality and patterns of Facebook usage. Proceedings of the ACM Web Science Conference, p. 36-44. Retrieved on 25th April 2015 from http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/163535/ FacebookPersonality_michal_ 29_04_12.pdf.
Bai, S., Zhu, T., & Cheng, L. (2012). Big-five personality prediction based on user behaviors at social network sites. Retrieved on 1st Sept 2014 from http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.4809.
Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2):285–309.
Bergman, S. M., Fearrington, M. E., Davenport, S. W., & Bergman, J. Z. (2011). Millennials, narcissism, and social networking: What narcissists do on social networking sites and why. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5):706–711. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.022.
Borneo Post Online. (2013). 13.3 million M’sians are Facebook users. Retrieved 5th February 2014 from http://www.theborneopost.com/
Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34,1303–1314.
Butt, S. & Phillips, J.G. (2008). Personality and self-reported mobile phone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 346-360.
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modelling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Correa, T., Hinsley, A.W., & de Zuniga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the Web? The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 247–253.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. Jr. (1992). NEOPI-R professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Creighton, J.L., Foster, J.W., Klingsmith, L. & Withey, D.K. (2013). I just look it up: Undergraduate student perception of social media use in their academic success. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 2(2), 27-46.
Curtis, L., Edwards, C., Fraser, K. L., Gudelsky, S, Holmquist, J., Thornton, K. & Sweetser, K. (2010). Adoption of social media for public relations by nonprofit organizations. Public Relations Review, 36(1), 90-92.
De Raad, B. (2000). The big five personality factors: The psycho-lexical approach to personality. Gottingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
Falk RF, Miller NB. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Akron: University of Akron Press.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50.
Garson, G. D. (2009). Structural equation modeling. Retrieved on 13th September 2012 from http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/structur.htm#negativevariance.
Gelissen, J., & de Graaf, P. M. (2006). Personality, social background, and occupational career success. Social Science Research, 35,702-726.
Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In Mervielde I, Deary I, De Fruyt F, Ostendorf F, eds. Personality Psychology in Europe.Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.pp. 7-28. Retrieved on 12th January 2013 from http://ipip.ori.org/newBroadbandText.htm.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
Gosling, S. D., Augustine, A. A., Vazire, S., Holtzman, N., & Gaddis, S. (2011). Manifestations of personality in online social networks: Self-reported facebook-related behaviors and observable profile information. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(9), 483-488. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0087.
Guadagno, R. E., Okdie, B. M., & Eno, C. A. (2008). Who blogs? Personality predictors of blogging. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1993-2004.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6, 1-55.
Hunt, D.S. & Langstedt, E. (2014). The influence of personality on digital photo sharing. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 3(2), 42-64.
Igbaria, M., Guimaraes, T., & Davis, G. B. (1995). Testing the determinants of micro-computer usage via structural equation model. Journal of Management Information Systems, 11(4), 87-114.
International Personality Item Pool (IPIP). (n.d.) A Scientific Collaboratory for the Development of Advanced Measures of Personality Traits and Other Individual Differences (http://ipip.ori.org/). Internet Web Site.
Jenkins, Guarnieri M. A., Wright, S. L., & Hudiburgh, L. M. (2012). The relationships among attachment style, personality traits, interpersonal competency, and Facebook use. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 273-322.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010). Social media and mobile Internet use among teens and young adults. Washington: Pew Research Centre.
Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commissions. (2014). Communication and multimedia: Pocket book of statistics (Q1 2014). Retrieved on 19th August 2014 from http://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/Q1_2014C-MPocket.pdf.
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1991). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Retrieved on July 24, 2014 from http://psych.colorado.edu/~ carey/courses/psyc5112/readings/psnbig5_mccrae03.pdf.
McKinney, B. C., Kelly, L., & Duran, R. L. (2012). Narcissism or openness? College students’ use of Facebook and Twitter. Communication Research Reports, 29(2), 108-118.
Moore, K., & McElroy, J. (2012). The influence of personality on Facebook usage, wall postings, and regret. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 267-274.
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ozguven, N., & Mucan, B. (2013). The relationship between personality traits and social media use. Social Behavior and Personality, 41(3), 517-528.
Quintelier, E., & Theocharis, Y. (2013). Online political engagement, Facebook, and personality traits. Social Science Computer Review, 31(3), 280-290.
Ross, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., & Orr, R. R. (2009). Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 578–586.
Ryan, T., & Xenos, S. (2011). Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the Big Five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1658-1664. doi 10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.004.
Santosa, P. I., Wei, K. K., & Chan, H. C. (2005). User involvement and user satisfaction with information-seeking activity. European Journal of Information Systems, 14, 361-370.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Socialbakers.com. (2013). Malaysia Facebook statistics. Retrieved on 16th July 2014 from http://www.socialbakers.com/facebook-statistics/malaysia.
Stieger, S., Burger, C., Bohn, M., & Voracek, M. (2013). Who commits virtual identity suicide? Differences in privacy concerns, internet addiction, and personality between Facebook users and quitters. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(9), 629-634.
Straub, D. W. (1989). Validating instruments in MIS research. MIS Quarterly, 13(2), 147-169.
Sultan, A. J. (2014). Addiction to mobile text messaging applications is nothing to “lol” about. The Social Science Journal, 51(1), 57-69.
The, P. L., Yong, C. C., Chong, C. W., & Yew, S. Y. (2011). Do the Big Five personality factors affect knowledge sharing behaviour? A study of Malaysian universities. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 16(1), 47-62.
Wang, J. L., Jackson, L. A., Zhang, D. J., & Su, Z. Q. (2012). The relationships among the Big Five Personality factors, self-esteem, narcissism, and sensation-seeking to Chinese University students’ uses of social networking sites (SNSs). Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2313–2319.
Warren, A. M. , Sulaiman, A., & Jaafar, N. I. (2014). Social media effects on fostering online civic engagement and building citizen trust and trust in institutions. Government Information Quarterly, 31(2), 291–301.
Wilson, K., Fornasier, S., & White, K. M. (2010). Psychological predictors of young adults’ use of social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 173-177.
Yoo, K. H., & Gretzel, U. (2011). Influence of personality on travel-related consumer-generated media creation. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 609-621.
Downloads
Published
2015-12-20
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
