Emoji and gender
Analysis of tweets of Chevy’s emoji-based campaign, #ChevyGoesEmoji
Keywords:
social media, campaign, emoji, Twitter, hashtagAbstract
Purpose—Companies that are considering using emojis in their promotional efforts need a deeper understanding of their effectiveness, including which groups of audiences would actively respond to the emoji-based strategy. This study examines Chevrolet’s #ChevyGoesEmoji campaign to understand whether there are any gender differences in responding to a campaign when emojis are used in companies’ promotional activities.
Design/methodology/approach—To examine whether there are more females than males among those who posted tweets that include the campaign hashtag (#ChevyGoesEmoji), tweets were collected that included the campaign hashtag and posted six months after the announcement of the campaign. To examine whether the proportion of females who posted tweets including the product-related hashtags (e.g. #ChevyCruze) significantly increased after the launch of the campaign, tweets that included the product-related hashtags that were posted over the three-month period before the launch of the campaign and over the three-month period after the launch were collected. The type of user for each tweet was coded to identify female and male users.
Findings—Based on the analysis of the tweets that included the campaign hashtag, it was found that more females than males posted tweets related to this emoji-based campaign. Based on the analysis of the tweets that included the product-related hashtags, it was found that the proportion of females who posted tweets that included the product-related hashtags significantly increased after the launch of the campaign.
Originality/value—The findings of this study contribute to the existing literature on the use of emojis in corporate communications messages and also provide important practical implications by suggesting that it may be a good idea for companies to use emojis in their promotional activities if their target audiences are female.
References
Abitol, A., Lee, N., Seltzer, T., & Lee, S. (2018). RaceTogether: Starbucks’ attempt to discuss race in America and its impact on company reputation and employees. Public Relations Journal, 12(1), 1-28. https://prjournal.instituteforpr.org/wp- content/uploads/Abitbol_Lee_Seltzer_Lee_RaceTogetherStarbucks1.pdf
An, J., Li, T., Teng, Y., & Zhang, P. (2018). Factors Influencing Emoji Usage in Smartphone Mediated Communications. International Conference on Information (pp. 423-428). Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-78105-1_46
Bomey, N. (2016, February 19). Emojis to grace Pepsi products in summer campaign. USA Today, Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2016/02/19/pepsi-emoji- advertising-marketing-campaign/80602336/
Brandwatch. (2018). The emoji report. Retrieved from www.brandwatch.com/reports/the-emoji- report/
Chen, Z., Lu, X., Shen, S., Ai, W., Liu, X., & Mei, Q. (2017). Through a gender lens: An empirical study of emoji usage over large-scale Android users. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.05546
Chevrolet captures Millennial attention with first ever all-emoji media alert. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.prdaily.com/awards/media-relations-awards/2016/winners/best-social-media-campaign/
#ChevyGoesEmoji. (2015, June 22). Retrieved from https://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2015/jun/0622-cruze-emoji.htmlT.html
Danesi, M. (2016). The semiotics of emoji: The rise of visual language in the age of the internet. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Das, G., Wiener, H. J., & Kareklas, I. (2019). To emoji or not to emoji? Examining the influence of emoji on consumer reactions to advertising. Journal of Business Research, 96, 147- 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.007
Doble, A. (2015, May 19). UK's fastest growing language is... emoji. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-32793732
Emoji Explained: You’re Going To Love The All-new 2016 Cruze! (2015, June 23). Retrieved from https://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2015/jun/0622-cruze-emoji-decoder.html
FleishmanHillard New York. (2016, May 25). Chevrolet: #ChevyGoesEmoji [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmTzLaS3ySs
Garg, M., & Kumar, M. (2019). Comprehensive Study of Keyphrase Extraction Metrics for Uncertain User-Generated Data. In Mishra, S., Sood, Y., & Tomar, A. (Eds.), Applications of Computing, Automation and Wireless Systems in Electrical Engineering (pp. 1191-1200). Springer.
Jaeger, S. R., Roigard, C. M., Jin, D., Vidal, L., & Ares, G. (2019). Valence, arousal and sentiment meanings of 33 facial emoji: Insights for the use of emoji in consumer research. Food Research International, 119, 895-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.074
Jones, L. L., Wurm, L. H., Norville, G. A., & Mullins, K. L. (2020). Sex differences in emoji use, familiarity, and valence. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106305
Kim, H. J., Chae, B. K., & Park, S. B. (2018). Exploring public space through social media: an exploratory case study on the High Line New York City. Urban Design International, 23(2), 69-85.
Laestadius, L. I., & Wahl, M. M. (2017). Mobilizing social media users to become advertisers: Corporate hashtag campaigns as a public health concern. Digital health, 3, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207617710802
Li, X., Chan, K. W., & Kim, S. (2019). Service with emoticons: How customers interpret employee use of emoticons in online service encounters. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(5), 973-987. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucy016
Lorenz, T. (2015, May 12). Soon you can order a pizza by tweeting the pizza emoji at Domino's. Retreived from https://www.businessinsider.com/dominos-emoji-pizza-order-2015-5
Mathews, S., & Lee, S. E. (2018). Use of emoji as a marketing tool: An exploratory content analysis. Fashion, Industry and Education, 16(1), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.7741/fie.2018.16.1.046
Moorley, C. R., & Chinn, T. (2014). Nursing and Twitter: creating an online community using hashtags. Collegian, 21(2), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2014.03.003
Oleszkiewicz, A., Karwowski, M., Pisanski, K., Sorokowski, P., Sobrado, B., & Sorokowska, A. (2017). Who uses emoticons? Data from 86 702 Facebook users. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.034
Pérez-Sabater, C. (2019). Emoticons in relational writing practices on WhatsApp: Some reflections on gender. In P. Bou-Franch & P. Blitvich (Eds.), Analyzing Digital Discourse (pp. 163-189). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Prada, M., Rodrigues, D. L., Garrido, M. V., Lopes, D., Cavalheiro, B., & Gaspar, R. (2018). Motives, frequency and attitudes toward emoji and emoticon use. Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), 1925-1934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.005
Rodrigues, D., Prada, M., Gaspar, R., Garrido, M. V., & Lopes, D. (2018). Lisbon Emoji and Emoticon Database (LEED): Norms for emoji and emoticons in seven evaluative dimensions. Behavior research methods, 50(1), 392-405.
Shah, R. & Ruchi, T. (2021). Mapping Emoji Usage Among Youth. Journal of Creative Communications 16(1), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258620982541
Small, T. A. (2011). What the hashtag? A content analysis of Canadian politics on Twitter. Information, communication & society 14 (6), 872-895. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.554572
Smith, Julian. [Julian Smith] (2015, June 24). My New Chevy Ad!! #ChevyGoesEmoji [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LddkRM55tc4&feature=emb_title
Tang, Y., & Hew, K. F. (2018). Emoticon, emoji, and sticker use in computer-mediated communications: Understanding its communicative function, impact, user behavior, and motive. In L. Deng, W. Ma, & C. Fong (Eds.), New Media for Educational Change (pp. 191-201). Springer, Singapore.
Veletsianos, G. (2013). Open practices and identity: Evidence from researchers and educators' social media participation. British Journal of Educational Technology 44 (4), 639-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12052
Zayer, L. T., Coleman, C. A., Luis, J., & Orjuela, R. (2019). A Case Analysis of Under Armour’s# IWillWhatIWant Brand Campaign. In J. Muniz-Velazquez & C. Pulido (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Positive Communication. New York, NY: Routledge.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).