Implications of social media use among self-employed workers during the pandemic
The case of photographers and video makers in Brazil
Keywords:
Social media platforms, Platform economy, Self-employed workers, Political subjectivity, Covid-19Abstract
In this article, we examine implications of social media usage among workers who have been drastically affected by the coronavirus pandemic. The research focuses on photographers and video makers whose earnings came mainly from the private and corporate events segment in Brazil. Our analysis compares ethnographic data gathered during the pandemic (2020-2021) to those from an earlier research cycle (2015–2018). This article assesses the impacts suffered by workers in the face of the Sars-CoV-2 crises, analyses changes in professional social media usage, and inquires whether the pandemic produced shifts in workers’ political subjectivity. Fieldwork revealed that, in response to the acute crisis, workers focused on individual efforts to overcome economic struggles, devoting substantial resources to building their brands through digital media platforms. During this process, workers saw professional success or failure as an individual responsibility and expressed political values tied to strands of neoliberal thinking – a phenomenon that seems related to the intensive usage of social media platforms.
References
Adams-Prassl A, Boneva T, Golin M, et al. (2020) Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock: Evidence from real time surveys. Journal of Public Economics 189: 104245. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104245.
Alberti G, Bessa I, Hardy K, et al. (2018) In, Against and Beyond Precarity: Work in Insecure Times. Work, Employment and Society 32(3): 447–457. DOI: 10.1177/0950017018762088.
Ashton DrD (2021) Cultural organisations and the emotional labour of becoming entrepreneurial. Poetics 86: 101534.
Das V (2004) Critical Events: An Anthropological Perspective on Contemporary India. 6. impr. Oxford India paperbacks. Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press.
Hesmondhalgh D and Baker S (2010) ‘A very complicated version of freedom’: Conditions and experiences of creative labour in three cultural industries. Poetics 38(1): 4–20.
Kwon E, English AE and Bright LF (2020) Social Media Never Sleeps: Antecedents and Consequences of Social Media Fatigue among Professional Content Creators. The Journal of Social Media in Society 9(2).
Babu S, Hareendrakumar VR and Subramoniam S (2020) Impact of Social Media on Work Performance at a Technopark in India. Metamorphosis: A Journal of Management Research 19(1): 59–71. DOI: 10.1177/0972622520962949.
Belitski M, Guenther C, Kritikos AS, et al. (2022) Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses. Small Business Economics 58(2): 593–609. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-021-00544-y.
Bossio D and Holton AE (2018) The identity dilemma: Identity drivers and social media fatigue among journalists. Popular Communication 16(4): 248–262. DOI: 10.1080/15405702.2018.1535658.
Bridi MA (2020) A pandemia Covid-19: crise e deterioração do mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Estudos Avançados 34(100): 141–165. DOI: 10.1590/s0103-4014.2020.34100.010.
Bright LF, Kleiser SB and Grau SL (2015) Too much Facebook? An exploratory examination of social media fatigue. Computers in Human Behavior 44: 148–155. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.048.
Brown W (2019) In the Ruins of Neoliberalism: The Rise of Antidemocratic Politics in the West. The Wellek Library lectures. New York: Columbia University Press.
Cardoso BB (2020) A implementação do Auxílio Emergencial como medida excepcional de proteção social. Revista de Administração Pública 54(4): 1052–1063. DOI: 10.1590/0034-761220200267.
Cotter K (2021) "Shadowbanning is not a thing": black box gaslighting and the power to independently know and credibly critique algorithms. Information, Communication & Society: 1–18. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2021.1994624.
Dal Poz MR, Levcovitz E and Bahia L (2021) Brazil's fight against COVID-19. Am J Public Health 111: 390–1.
Dardot P and Laval C (2013) The New Way of the World: On Neoliberal Society. London ; New York: Verso.
Dardot P and Laval C (2017) The New Way of the World: On Neoliberal Society. London: Verso. Available at: http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5177134 (accessed April 23rd 2021).
Dhir A, Yossatorn Y, Kaur P, et al. (2018) Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing—A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management 40: 141–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012.
Dhir A, Kaur P, Chen S, et al. (2019) Antecedents and consequences of social media fatigue. International Journal of Information Management 48: 193–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.021.
Duffy BE and Hund E (2015) "Having it All" on Social Media: Entrepreneurial Femininity and Self-Branding Among Fashion Bloggers. Social Media + Society 1(2): 205630511560433. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115604337.
Duffy BE and Pooley JD (n.d.) "Facebook for Academics": The Convergence of Self-Branding and Social Media Logic on Academia.edu. Social Media: 11.
Duffy BE, Pinch A, Sannon S, et al. (2021) The Nested Precarities of Creative Labor on Social Media. Social Media + Society 7(2): 205630512110213. DOI: 10.1177/20563051211021368.
Eskelinen T, Lakkala K and Pyykkönen M (2020) The Privatisation and Recollectivization of Hope. In: The Revival of Political Imagination : Utopia as Methodology. Zed Books.
Ferigato S, Fernandez M, Amorim M, et al. (2020) The Brazilian Government's mistakes in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet 396(10263): 1636. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32164-4.
Foucault M and Senellart M (2008) The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-79. Basingstoke [England] ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Han B-C (2017) Psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and New Technologies of Power. Futures. London ; New York: Verso.
Hesmondhalgh D and Baker S (2010) ‘A very complicated version of freedom’: Conditions and experiences of creative labour in three cultural industries. Poetics 38(1): 4–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.poetic.2009.10.001.
Hodder A (2020) New Technology, Work and Employment in the era of COVID‐19: reflecting on legacies of research. New Technology, Work and Employment 35(3): 262–275. DOI: 10.1111/ntwe.12173.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2021) Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua Indicadores para população de 14 anos ou mais de idade. August. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
Islam AKMN, Laato S, Talukder S, et al. (2020) Misinformation sharing and social media fatigue during COVID-19: An affordance and cognitive load perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 159: 120201. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120201.
Jolly J (2021) 'It's just the beginning': Covid push to digital boosts big tech profits. The Guardian, May 1st. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/may/01/its-just-the-beginning-covid-push-to-digital-boosts-big-tech-profits (accessed February 16th 2022).
Kwon E, English AE and Bright LF (2020) Social Media Never Sleeps: Antecedents and Consequences of Social Media Fatigue among Professional Content Creators. The Journal of Social Media in Society 9(2).
Kesküla E (2018) Labor, Employment, and Work. In: Callan H (ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology. 1st ed. Wiley, pp. 1–9. DOI: 10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2036.
Lister M (ed.) (2013) The Photographic Image in Digital Culture. 0 ed. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203797563.
Malik A, Dhir A, Kaur P, et al. (2020) Correlates of social media fatigue and academic performance decrement: A large cross-sectional study. Information Technology & People 34(2): 557–580. DOI: 10.1108/ITP-06-2019-0289.
Malinowski B (2002) Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanisian New Quinea. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203421260 (accessed March 9th 2022).
Masri D, Valentina Flamini, and Mr. Frederik G Toscani (2021) The Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Markets, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil. IMF Working Papers.
Menezes-Filho N, Komatsu BK and Rosa JP (2021) Reducing Poverty and Inequality during the Coronavirus Outbreak: The Emergency Aid Transfers in Brazil. Policy Paper (54): 49.
Millar KM (2018) Reclaiming the Discarded: Life and Labor on Rio's Garbage Dump. Durham ; London: Duke University Press.
Miller D, Costa E, Haynes N, et al. (2016) How the World Changed Social Media. UCL Press. DOI: 10.14324/111.9781910634493.
Mudge SL (2008) What is neo-liberalism? Socio-Economic Review 6(4): 703–731. DOI: 10.1093/ser/mwn016.
Niedermeier KE, Wang E and Zhang X (2016) The use of social media among business-to-business sales professionals in China: How social media helps create and solidify guanxi relationships between sales professionals and customers. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing Shannon Cummins, Dr James W. Peltier and Dr Andrea Dixon D (ed.) 10(1): 33–49. DOI: 10.1108/JRIM-08-2015-0054.
Ong A (2006) Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press.
Ovide S (2021) 'A Perfect Positive Storm': Bonkers Dollars for Big Tech. The New York Times, April 29th. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/29/technology/big-tech-pandemic-economy.html.
Palermo H and Ventrici PB (2020) Creativos, divertidos, emprendedores y meritocráticos El trabajo en contexto de las tecnologías de la información. Cuadernos de antropología social (52). DOI: 10.34096/cas.i52.6905.
Paul K (2021) Facebook first quarter earnings up despite threat from Apple update. The Guardian, April 28th. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/apr/28/facebook-first-quarter-earnings-revenue (accessed February 16th 2022).
Rose NS (2010) Inventing Our Selves: Psychology, Power, and Personhood. Revised. Cambridge studies in the history of psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Sahlins MD (2011) Stone Age Economics. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Scharff C (2018) Gender, Subjectivity, and Cultural Work: Classical Music Profession.
Scholz T (ed.) (2013) Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. New York: Routledge.
Scolere L (2019) Brand yourself, design your future: Portfolio-building in the social media age. New Media & Society 21(9): 1891–1909. DOI: 10.1177/1461444819833066.
Song Q, Wang Y, Chen Y, et al. (2019) Impact of the usage of social media in the workplace on team and employee performance. Information & Management 56(8): 103160. DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2019.04.003.
Springer S, Birch K and MacLeavy J (eds) (2016) The Handbook of Neoliberalism. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Srnicek N (2017) Platform Capitalism. Theory redux. Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA: Polity.
Statista (2022) Social media use during COVID-19 worldwide. Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/study/86189/social-media-use-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-worldwide/.
Steele SR, Arshad S, Bush R, et al. (2015) Social media is a necessary component of surgery practice. Surgery 158(3): 857–862. DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.06.002.
Swart J (2021) Experiencing Algorithms: How Young People Understand, Feel About, and Engage With Algorithmic News Selection on Social Media. Social Media + Society 7(2): 205630512110088. DOI: 10.1177/20563051211008828.
Thorsen DE and Lie A (n.d.) Department of Political Science University of Oslo.: 22.
Tooze JA (2021) Shutdown: How Covid Shook the World's Economy. Dublin: Allen Lane.
Weber F (2009) Le Travail À-Côté: Une Ethnographie Des Perceptions. Nouvelle éd. revue et augm. Collection En temps & lieux. Paris: Éditions de l’Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales.
World Bank (2020) Global Economic Prospects, June 2020. Washington, DC: World Bank. DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1553-9.
Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li W, et al. (2020) A study of the influencing factors of mobile social media fatigue behavior based on the grounded theory. Information Discovery and Delivery 48(2): 91–102. DOI: 10.1108/IDD-11-2019-0084.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).