Digital Media Platforms and Education: The Uses of Social Networking in the UAE and China
Keywords:
Social media, pedagogy, social networking, media literacy and education, digital media and educationAbstract
Young people today are growing up in a digitalized environment. What challenges do they face in navigating this content-rich, symbolic environment? In this article, the researcher reviews university students' perceptions of media literacy by examining the use of social networking platforms (SN) in academic settings. The researcher distributed 1200 surveys evenly split between Chinese and UAE students and 998 were returned and analyzed. The findings reveal that while many students believe that media literacy should become a priority in modern curricula, this urgency is not felt by the majority of students. The researcher reviews current views and methodologies in the literature related to media literacy and its status in current pedagogy. The study draws from gravitation theory to place the use of SN tools within a broader background of communication. The Uses and Gratification Theory is also invoked to explain how SN was made attractive to campus activists and protesters in the two countries.
References
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Cain, J., & Policastri, A. (2011). Instructional design and assessment using Facebook as an informal learning environment. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 75,10.
Carr, N. (2008). Is Google making us stupid?. The Atlantic. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/magazine/.../is-google-making-us-stupid/306868/
ChanLin, L. (2007). Perceived Importance and Manageability of Teachers Toward the Factors of Integrating Computer Technology Into Classrooms. Innovations In Education & Teaching International, 44(1), 45-55.
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Crawford, R. (2010). Valuing Technology in the Music Classroom: Results From a Recent case Study Indicate Why Technology Should Be Used in Education. Victorian Journal Of Music Education, 13(1),29-35.
De Abreu, B. (2010). Changing Technology Empowering Students Through Media Literacy Education. New Horizons In Education, 58(3), 26-33.
Charles, A. (2012). China Tightens 'Great Firewall' Internet Control With New Technology. Retrieved from Guardian.co.uk
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Guo R. (2011). China's Multicultural Economies: Social and Economic Indicators. Springer. p. vii
Hall, C. (2006). Making Literacy Real: Theories and Practices for Learning and Teaching by Joanne Larson and Jackie Marsh. Literacy, 40(3), 180-181.
Hammond, C. (2005). The Wider Benefits of Adult Learning: An Illustration of the Advantages of Multi-method Research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(3), 239-255.
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Katz, E., Haas, H., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). On the use of the mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38(2), 164-181.
Kaveh, Z. (2012). Integration and Impact of Educational Media (technologies) in the Teaching-Learning Process: A Case Study in Iran. Middle East Journal Of Family Medicine, 10(7), 30-38.
Keith, B. (2012). China Toughens Restrictions on Internet Use. The New York Times. Retrieved on February 11, 2014, from: www.nytimes.com/.../china-toughens-restrictions-on-internet-use.html
Kellner, D., & Share, J. (2005). Toward Critical Media Literacy: Core Concepts, Debates, Organizations, and Policy Discourse: Studies In The Cultural Politics Of Education, 26(3), 369-386.
Kemker, K., Barron, A., & Harmes, J. C. (2007). Laptop Computers in the Elementary Classroom: Authentic Instruction With At-risk Students Educational Media International 44, (4), pp.305-321.
Klopfer, E., Osterweil, S., Groff, J., Haas, J. (2009). The Instructional Power of Digital Games, Social Networking and Simulations and How Teachers Can Leverage Them. Education Arcade.
Lee, C. C. (2000). Chinese communication. Power, money, and media: Communication patterns and bureaucratic control in cultural China, 3-44.
Lee, D. (2003). New Technologies in the Politics Classroom: Using Internet Classrooms to Support Teaching and Learning. Politics, 23(1), 66-73.
Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010). Social Media & Mobile Internet Use among Teens and Young Adults. Millennials. Pew internet & American life project.
Lundby, K. (2009). Mediatization. New York: Peter Lang Publishers.
MacKinnon, R. (2008). Flatter World and Thicker Walls? Blogs, Censorship and Civic Discourse in China, Public Choice, 134, p. 31–46.
Mateer, D. (2013). Using Media to Enhance Teaching and Learning. Pedagogy in Action. Retrieved from http://serc.carleton.edu/sp/library/media/index.html
McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's mass communication theory. Sage publications.
McLoughlin, C., & Lee, M. J. (2010). Personalised and self regulated learning in the Web 2.0 era: International exemplars of innovative pedagogy using social software. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 26(1).
Mente, B. D. (2000). The Chinese Have a Word for it: The Complete Guide to Chinese thought and Culture. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Miller, D. J., & D. Robertson. (2011). Educational Benefits of Using Game Consoles in a Primary Classroom: A Randomized Controlled Trial. British Journal Of Educational Technology, 42(5), 850-864.
Mills, K., & Levido, A. (2011). iPed. Reading Teacher, 65(1), 80-91. doi:10.1598/RT.65.1.11
Miles, Y. (2012). Inside China, Washington Times, 8 February 2012. Retrieved from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/8/inside-china-719761130/?page=all
Mingers, J. (2015). Helping Business Schools Engage With Real Problems: The Contribution of Critical Realism and Systems Thinking, European Journal of Operational Research, 242 (1), pp.316-331.
Mourtada, R., & Alkhatib, F. (2014). UAE SN Outlook, Increasing Connectivity Between Government and Citizens. Retrieved from www.mbrsg.ae/.../2014-UAE-Socual-Media-Outlook-Increasing-coneecti.
Parker, E. (2014). SN and the Hong Kong Protests, Retrieved on January 8, 2015 from: http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/social-media-hong-kong-protests
Preston, L. (2008). A Space of Our Own: MySpace and Feminist Activism in the Classroom., Radical Teacher, 81, pp. 14-19.
Pring, C. (2012). 216 SN and Internet Statistics, Retrieved from http://thesocialskinny.com/216-social-media-and-internet-statistics-september-2012/
Plewis, I. & Mason, P. (2005). What Works and Why: Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in Large-scale Evaluations. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, pp. 185-194.
Potter, W. (2010). The State of Media Literacy. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(4), 675-696.
Rapoza, K. (2011). China’s Weibos vs US’s Twitter: And the winner is. Forbes (May 17, 2011) Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/05/17/chinas-weibos-vs-uss-twitter-and-the-winner-is/
Rautenbach, J., & Black-Hughes, C. (2012). Bridging the hemispheres through the use of technology: International collaboration in social work training. Journal of Social Work Education, 48(4), 797-815.
Renovah, L. (2014). Top Trending Chinese Social Media Platforms in China. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-trending-platforms-china-rachael-laporce
Rubin, A. M., & Windahl, S. (1982). Mass Media Uses and Dependency: A Social Systems Approach to Uses and Gratifications. Paper presented to the meeting of the International Communication Association, Boston, MA.
Sammons, P., Elliot, K., Sylva, K., Melhuish, E., Siraj‐Blatchford, I., & Taggart, B. (2004). The Impact of Pre‐school on Young Children's Cognitive Attainments At Entry to Reception. British Educational Research Journal, 30(5), 691-712.
Scheuerell, S. (2010). Virtual Warrensburg: Using Cooperative Learning and the Internet in the Social Studies Classroom. Social Studies, 101(5), 194-199.
Schools in UAE. (2014). Ministry of Education’s SN Sites Log Interactions With 26,000 Students and 40,000 Parents and Specialists. Retrieved from http://www.schoolsindubai.com/2014/06/ministry-of-educations-social-media.html
Severin, W. J., & Tankard, J. W. (1997). Uses of Mass Media. In W. J. Severin, & J. W. Tankard (Eds.) Communication Theories: Origins, Methods, and Uses in the Mass Media (4th ed.). New York: Longman.
Sincero, S. M. (2012). Online surveys. Retrieved from Explorable: https://explorable. com/online-surveys.
Silverblatt, A., Eliceiri, E. M. E., & Eliceiri, E. M. (1997). Dictionary of media literacy. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Stats.ae (2015). Social media - Statistics & Facts, Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/topics/1164/social-networks/
Internet Users by Country, Retrieved from http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/
Swartz, J. (2009). Social-Networking Sites Twitter, Flickr go Dark in China. USA Today. Retrieved on February 3, 2015 from: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-06-02-china-twitter-tiananmen-protests_N.htm
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Vol. 46). (L. Bickman, & D. Rog, Eds.) Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
The National. (2014). Social media helps shape the future of the UAE, Retrieved on February 7, 2015 from: http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/editorial/social-media-helps-shape-the-future-of-the-uae
Trappey, C. V., & Trappey, A. J. C. (2001). Electronic Commerce in Greather China. Industrial Management & Data System, 101(5), pp. 201-209.
Turner, K. C. (2011). Rap universal: Using Multimodal Media Production to Develop Literacies. Journal Of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 54, 8, 613-623.
Tyner, K. (2007). Media Literacy, Aims and Purposes of. Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 524-26. SAGE knowledge.
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William, C. (2007). Yahoo's China Defense. New Presence: The Prague Journal of European Affairs, 10, 2.
Williams, S. (February 20, 2013). Life of Pi's Ang Lee Conquers Anti-Asian Bias. Voice of America. Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/content/life-of-pi-ang-lee-conquers-anti-asian-bias/1607531.html
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Wyse, S. (2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveys, Retrieved February 20, 2014 from: http://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/advantages-disadvantages-surveys/
Xiaoxiao, K. (2013). Alibaba Buys into Sina Weibo with $586 mln. Morning Whistle, Retrieved from http://www.morningwhistle.com/html/2013/Company_Industry_0503/217448.html
Yu, S., & Kak, S. (2012). A survey of prediction using social media. arXiv preprint arXiv:1203.1647.
Al Dhaheri, E. (2015). UAE’s new entrepreneurs turn to social media to pursue dreams, The National, Retrieved from http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uaes-new-entrepreneurs-turn-to-social-media-to-pursue-dreams
Al-Jenaibi, B. (2013a). Satisfying public relations: The dormant promise of social media in the UAE. International Journal of E-adoption, 5(4), 1-16.
Al-Jenaibi, B. (2013b). War of the worlds: the promise of social media in Arab spring nations. Global Media Journal, 1-2.
Al-Jenaibi, B. (2014). The nature of Arab public discourse: Social media and revolution. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 3(2).
Alon, I. (2003). Chinese Culture, Organizational Behavior, and International Business Management, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.
Annual Revenue of Baidu (2013). Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/269032/annual-revenue-of-baidu/
Bakardjieva, M., & Feenberg, A. (2002). Community technology and democratic rationalization. The Information Society, 18(3), 181-192.
Burwell, C. (2010). Rewriting the script: toward a politics of young people's digital media participation. Review Of Education, Pedagogy & Cultural Studies, 32(4/5), 382-402.
Cain, J., & Policastri, A. (2011). Instructional design and assessment using Facebook as an informal learning environment. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 75,10.
Carr, N. (2008). Is Google making us stupid?. The Atlantic. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/magazine/.../is-google-making-us-stupid/306868/
ChanLin, L. (2007). Perceived Importance and Manageability of Teachers Toward the Factors of Integrating Computer Technology Into Classrooms. Innovations In Education & Teaching International, 44(1), 45-55.
Crampton, T. (2011). Social media in China: The Same, but different as Chinese consumers spend more time online, foreign companies should deepen their knowledge of domestic social media platforms. China business review, Retrieved from http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/social-media-in-china-the-same-but-different/
Crawford, R. (2010). Valuing Technology in the Music Classroom: Results From a Recent case Study Indicate Why Technology Should Be Used in Education. Victorian Journal Of Music Education, 13(1),29-35.
De Abreu, B. (2010). Changing Technology Empowering Students Through Media Literacy Education. New Horizons In Education, 58(3), 26-33.
Charles, A. (2012). China Tightens 'Great Firewall' Internet Control With New Technology. Retrieved from Guardian.co.uk
Chen, C. (2014). WeChat Games Contribute 60 Million to WeChat’s MAU FigureHuxiu, Retrieved from http://huxiu.me/page/19
Fitchard, K. (2014). As Hong Kong protests escalate, FireChat sees a surge in off-grid messaging. Retrieved from https://gigaom.com/2014/09/29/as-hong-kong-protests-escalate-firechat-sees-a-surge-in-off-grid-messaging/
Fu, R. (2013). Sina Segmenting Weibo Usage with Multiple Versions, Retrieved from http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/2100/sina-segmenting-weibo-usage-with-multiple-versions/
Goldsmith, J., & Wu, T. (2006). Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World. Oxford University Press. p. 91.
Grant, A. E., Zhu, Y., Van Tuyll, D., Teeter, J., Molleda, J. C., Mohammad, Y., & Bollinger, L. (1998). Dependency and control. Paper presented to the Annual Convention of the Association of Educators in Journalism and Mass Communications, Baltimore, Maryland.
Guo R. (2011). China's Multicultural Economies: Social and Economic Indicators. Springer. p. vii
Hall, C. (2006). Making Literacy Real: Theories and Practices for Learning and Teaching by Joanne Larson and Jackie Marsh. Literacy, 40(3), 180-181.
Hammond, C. (2005). The Wider Benefits of Adult Learning: An Illustration of the Advantages of Multi-method Research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(3), 239-255.
Hoyle, M., & Harborne, A. R. (2005). Mixed Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Species Richness and Community Structure in a Micro arthropod Micro ecosystem. Ecological entomology, 30(6), 684-691.
Internet Live States. (2014). Internet Users by Country, Retrieved from http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/
Internet Usage Statistics. (2014). Internet users in the Middle East, Retrieved from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htm#me
Internet Users by Country. (2014). Retrieved on March 20, 2014, from: http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users-by-country/
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. The public opinion quarterly, 37(4), 509-523.
Katz, E. (1987). Communication research since Lazarsfeld. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 525–545.
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Ulilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumler, & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19–32). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Katz, E., Haas, H., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). On the use of the mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38(2), 164-181.
Kaveh, Z. (2012). Integration and Impact of Educational Media (technologies) in the Teaching-Learning Process: A Case Study in Iran. Middle East Journal Of Family Medicine, 10(7), 30-38.
Keith, B. (2012). China Toughens Restrictions on Internet Use. The New York Times. Retrieved on February 11, 2014, from: www.nytimes.com/.../china-toughens-restrictions-on-internet-use.html
Kellner, D., & Share, J. (2005). Toward Critical Media Literacy: Core Concepts, Debates, Organizations, and Policy Discourse: Studies In The Cultural Politics Of Education, 26(3), 369-386.
Kemker, K., Barron, A., & Harmes, J. C. (2007). Laptop Computers in the Elementary Classroom: Authentic Instruction With At-risk Students Educational Media International 44, (4), pp.305-321.
Klopfer, E., Osterweil, S., Groff, J., Haas, J. (2009). The Instructional Power of Digital Games, Social Networking and Simulations and How Teachers Can Leverage Them. Education Arcade.
Lee, C. C. (2000). Chinese communication. Power, money, and media: Communication patterns and bureaucratic control in cultural China, 3-44.
Lee, D. (2003). New Technologies in the Politics Classroom: Using Internet Classrooms to Support Teaching and Learning. Politics, 23(1), 66-73.
Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010). Social Media & Mobile Internet Use among Teens and Young Adults. Millennials. Pew internet & American life project.
Lundby, K. (2009). Mediatization. New York: Peter Lang Publishers.
MacKinnon, R. (2008). Flatter World and Thicker Walls? Blogs, Censorship and Civic Discourse in China, Public Choice, 134, p. 31–46.
Mateer, D. (2013). Using Media to Enhance Teaching and Learning. Pedagogy in Action. Retrieved from http://serc.carleton.edu/sp/library/media/index.html
McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's mass communication theory. Sage publications.
McLoughlin, C., & Lee, M. J. (2010). Personalised and self regulated learning in the Web 2.0 era: International exemplars of innovative pedagogy using social software. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 26(1).
Mente, B. D. (2000). The Chinese Have a Word for it: The Complete Guide to Chinese thought and Culture. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Miller, D. J., & D. Robertson. (2011). Educational Benefits of Using Game Consoles in a Primary Classroom: A Randomized Controlled Trial. British Journal Of Educational Technology, 42(5), 850-864.
Mills, K., & Levido, A. (2011). iPed. Reading Teacher, 65(1), 80-91. doi:10.1598/RT.65.1.11
Miles, Y. (2012). Inside China, Washington Times, 8 February 2012. Retrieved from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/8/inside-china-719761130/?page=all
Mingers, J. (2015). Helping Business Schools Engage With Real Problems: The Contribution of Critical Realism and Systems Thinking, European Journal of Operational Research, 242 (1), pp.316-331.
Mourtada, R., & Alkhatib, F. (2014). UAE SN Outlook, Increasing Connectivity Between Government and Citizens. Retrieved from www.mbrsg.ae/.../2014-UAE-Socual-Media-Outlook-Increasing-coneecti.
Parker, E. (2014). SN and the Hong Kong Protests, Retrieved on January 8, 2015 from: http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/social-media-hong-kong-protests
Preston, L. (2008). A Space of Our Own: MySpace and Feminist Activism in the Classroom., Radical Teacher, 81, pp. 14-19.
Pring, C. (2012). 216 SN and Internet Statistics, Retrieved from http://thesocialskinny.com/216-social-media-and-internet-statistics-september-2012/
Plewis, I. & Mason, P. (2005). What Works and Why: Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in Large-scale Evaluations. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, pp. 185-194.
Potter, W. (2010). The State of Media Literacy. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(4), 675-696.
Rapoza, K. (2011). China’s Weibos vs US’s Twitter: And the winner is. Forbes (May 17, 2011) Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/05/17/chinas-weibos-vs-uss-twitter-and-the-winner-is/
Rautenbach, J., & Black-Hughes, C. (2012). Bridging the hemispheres through the use of technology: International collaboration in social work training. Journal of Social Work Education, 48(4), 797-815.
Renovah, L. (2014). Top Trending Chinese Social Media Platforms in China. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-trending-platforms-china-rachael-laporce
Rubin, A. M., & Windahl, S. (1982). Mass Media Uses and Dependency: A Social Systems Approach to Uses and Gratifications. Paper presented to the meeting of the International Communication Association, Boston, MA.
Sammons, P., Elliot, K., Sylva, K., Melhuish, E., Siraj‐Blatchford, I., & Taggart, B. (2004). The Impact of Pre‐school on Young Children's Cognitive Attainments At Entry to Reception. British Educational Research Journal, 30(5), 691-712.
Scheuerell, S. (2010). Virtual Warrensburg: Using Cooperative Learning and the Internet in the Social Studies Classroom. Social Studies, 101(5), 194-199.
Schools in UAE. (2014). Ministry of Education’s SN Sites Log Interactions With 26,000 Students and 40,000 Parents and Specialists. Retrieved from http://www.schoolsindubai.com/2014/06/ministry-of-educations-social-media.html
Severin, W. J., & Tankard, J. W. (1997). Uses of Mass Media. In W. J. Severin, & J. W. Tankard (Eds.) Communication Theories: Origins, Methods, and Uses in the Mass Media (4th ed.). New York: Longman.
Sincero, S. M. (2012). Online surveys. Retrieved from Explorable: https://explorable. com/online-surveys.
Silverblatt, A., Eliceiri, E. M. E., & Eliceiri, E. M. (1997). Dictionary of media literacy. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Stats.ae (2015). Social media - Statistics & Facts, Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/topics/1164/social-networks/
Internet Users by Country, Retrieved from http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/
Swartz, J. (2009). Social-Networking Sites Twitter, Flickr go Dark in China. USA Today. Retrieved on February 3, 2015 from: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-06-02-china-twitter-tiananmen-protests_N.htm
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Vol. 46). (L. Bickman, & D. Rog, Eds.) Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
The National. (2014). Social media helps shape the future of the UAE, Retrieved on February 7, 2015 from: http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/editorial/social-media-helps-shape-the-future-of-the-uae
Trappey, C. V., & Trappey, A. J. C. (2001). Electronic Commerce in Greather China. Industrial Management & Data System, 101(5), pp. 201-209.
Turner, K. C. (2011). Rap universal: Using Multimodal Media Production to Develop Literacies. Journal Of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 54, 8, 613-623.
Tyner, K. (2007). Media Literacy, Aims and Purposes of. Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 524-26. SAGE knowledge.
World Watch Institute. (2015). World Population, Agriculture, and Malnutrition. Retrieved on January 9, 2015 from: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/554
William, C. (2007). Yahoo's China Defense. New Presence: The Prague Journal of European Affairs, 10, 2.
Williams, S. (February 20, 2013). Life of Pi's Ang Lee Conquers Anti-Asian Bias. Voice of America. Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/content/life-of-pi-ang-lee-conquers-anti-asian-bias/1607531.html
Wright, L. T. (1996). Managing Relationship Marketing: A Cross-cultural Perspective of a Chinese Market. Cross Cultural Management An International Journal, 3(2), pp. 32-39.
Wyse, S. (2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveys, Retrieved February 20, 2014 from: http://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/advantages-disadvantages-surveys/
Xiaoxiao, K. (2013). Alibaba Buys into Sina Weibo with $586 mln. Morning Whistle, Retrieved from http://www.morningwhistle.com/html/2013/Company_Industry_0503/217448.html
Yu, S., & Kak, S. (2012). A survey of prediction using social media. arXiv preprint arXiv:1203.1647.
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