The Influence of Snapchat on Interpersonal Relationship Development and Human Communication
Keywords:
Snapchat, Social Media, Communication Trends, Relationship DevelopmentAbstract
This study focuses on Snapchat, a cellphone picture-sending app and its influences on interpersonal relational development and the current understanding of the communication process. Using qualitative interview technique, 75 people were interviewed. These interview responses led to the identification and discussion of seven themes in the realm of interpersonal relationship and human communication. These themes range from moving a relationship from the experimenting to intensifying stage, reinitiating family relationships, relationship maintenance, and avoiding partners. The findings of this study also highlight the significance of a non-response, the level of risk involved in Snapchat messaging, and methods of identity management via Snapchat. Finally, this is a unique study in its approach, which is an effort to look at virtual human communication trends that are contributing to the development and reshaping of interpersonal relationship development models. Also, this investigation provides a new lens of opportunity through which scholars can look at McLuhan’s long-debated claim that the medium is the message.
References
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Craig, E., & Wright, K. B. (2012). Computer-mediated relational development and maintenance on facebook. Communication Research Reports, 119-129.
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Dainton, M. (2013). relationship maintenance on Facebook: Development of a measure, relationship to general maintenance, and relationship satisfaction. College Student Journal, 113-121.
Dainton, M., & Aylor, B. (2002). Patterns of communication channel use in the maintenance of long-distance relationships. Communication Research Reports, 118-129.
Downs, V. (1988). Grandparents and grandchildren: The relationshp between self-disclosure and solidarity in an intergenerational relationship. Communication Research Reports, 173-179.
Duck, S. (1982). A topography of relationship disengagement and dissolution. In S. Duck, Personal relationships: Dissolving personal relationships (pp. 1-30). New York: Academic Press.
Dye, J. F., Schatz, I. M., Rosenberg, B. A., & Coleman, S. T. (2000). Constant comparison method: A kaleidoscope of data. The Qualitative Report.
Edenfield, J. L., Adams, K. S., & Briihl, D. S. (2012). Relationshp maintenance strategy use by romantic attachment style. North American Journal of Psychology, 149-162.
Erbert, L. A., & Floyd, K. (2004). Affectionate expressions as face-threatening acts: Receiver assessments. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 230-246.
Fielding, M. (2006). Effective communication in organizations. Landsdowne: Juta & Co.
Foulger, D. (2004). Models of the Communication Process. Brooklyn, New Jersey.
Fox, J., Warber, K. M., & Makstaller, D. C. (2013). The role of facebook in romantic relationship development: An exploration of Knapp's relational stage model. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 771-794.
Gillette, F. (2013, February 7). Snapchat and the erasable future of social media. Business Week, pp. 42-47.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City: Doubleday.
Goffman, E. (1971). Relations in public. New York: Basic Books.
Gordon, A. M., Oveis, C., Impett, E. A., Kogan, A., & Keitner, D. (2012). To have and to hold: Gratitude promotes relationship maintenance in intimate bonds. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 257-274.
Greene, K., Derlega, V. J., & Matthews, A. (2006). Self-disclosure in personal relationships. In A. Vangelisti, & D. Perlman, The cambridge handbook of personal relationships. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Halford, W. K., & Bodenmann, G. (2013). Effects of relationship education on maintenance of couple relationship satisfaction. Clinical Psychology Review, 512-525.
Hian, L. B., Chuan, S. L., Trevor, T. M., & Detenber, B. H. (2004). Getting to know you: Exploring the development of relational intimacy in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Online.
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Hofstede, G. (2003). Culture's consequences. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Hollenbaugh, E. E., & Ferris, A. L. (2014). Facebook self-disclosure: Examining the role of traits, social cohesion, and motives. Computers in Human Behavior, 50-58.
Houser, M. L., Fleuriet, C., & Estrada, D. (2012). The cyber factor: An analysis of relational maintenance through the use of computer-mediated communication. Communication Research Reports, 34-43.
Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Online.
Ivy, D. K., & Backlund, P. (2000). Exploring gender speak: Personal effectiveness in gender communications. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Johnson, A. J., Haigh, M. M., Becker, J. A., Craig, E. A., & Wigley, S. (2008). College students' use of relational management strategies in email in long-distance and geographically close relationships. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 381-404.
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Johnson, A., Wittenberg, E., Haigh, M., Wigley, S., Becker , J., Brown, K., & Craig, E. (2004). The process of relationship development and deterioration: Turning points in friendships that have terminated. Communication Quarterly, 54-67.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite!The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68.
Katz, E. (1957). The two-step flow of communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61-78.
Kikoski, J. (1993). Effective communication in the intranational workplace: Models for public sector managers. Professional and Organisational Development, 84-95.
Knapp, M. (1978). Social intercourse: From gretting ot goodbye. Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon.
Knapp, M. L., & Vangelisti, A. L. (2009). Interpersonal communication and human relationships (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
Kwak, H. (2012). Self-disclosure in online media. International Journal of Advertising, 485-510.
Large, B. (2013, July 19). Snapchat pivots from privacy to publicity. The New Statesman.
Leventhal, G., & Matturro, M. (1980). Differential effects on spatial crowding and sex on behavior. Perceptual Motor Skills, 111-119.
Lucas, S. (2012). The art of public speaking (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Luft, J. (1969). Of human interaction. Palo Alto: National Press Books.
Majovski, K. (2013). Data expiration, let the user decide: Proposed legislation for online user-generated content. University of San Francisco Law Review.
Mansson, D. H., & Myers, S. A. (2011). An initial examination of college students' expressions of affection through facebook. Southern Communication Journal, 155-168.
Markel, N. N., Long, J., & Saine, T. J. (1976). Sex effects in conversational interaction: Another look at male dominance. Communication Research, 35-64.
Mayo, C., & Henley, N. (1981). Gender and nonverbal behavior. New York: Springer.
McLuhan, M. (1967). The medium is the message: An inventory of effects. New York: Bantam.
Negroponte, N. (1996). Being digital. New York: Vintage Books.
Omkareshwar, M. (2012). Mobile text messaging: An emerging market tool. Advances in Management, 10-16.
Papp, L. M., Danielewicz, J., & Cayemberg, C. (2012). 'Are we facebook official?' Implications of dating partners' facebook use and profiles for intimate relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 85-90.
Parker, T. S., Blackburn, K. M., Perry, M. S., & Hawks, J. M. (2013). Sexting as an intervention: Relationship satisfaction and motivation consideration. American journal of family therapy, 1-12.
Parks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (1996). Making friends in cyberspace. Journal of Communication, 80-97.
Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park: Sage.
Pearce, W. B., & Cronen, V. E. (1980). Communication, action and meaning: The creation of social realities. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
Pierce, T. (2009). Social anxiety and technology: Face-to-face communication versus technological communication among teens. Computers in Human Behavior, 1367-1372.
Poltash, N. (2013). Snapchat and sexting: A snapshot of baring your bare essentials. Richmond Journal of Law & Technology.
Pratt, L., Wiseman, R. L., Cody, M. J., & Wendt, P. F. (1999). Interrogative strategies and information exchange in computer-mediated communication. Communication Quarterly, 46-66.
Rawlins, W. (1996). Friendship matters: Communication, dialectics, and the life course. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Richards, L., Richards, M. G., & Morse, J. M. (2012). Read me first for a user's guide to qualitative methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Rosen, J., & Rosen, C. (2013). Temporary social media. Technology Review, 46-47.
Rosenfeld, L. (1979). Self-disclosure avoidance: Why i am afraid to tell you who i am. Communication Monographs, 63-74.
Rosenfeld, L. (2000). Overview of the ways privacy, secrecy, and disclosure are balanced in today's society. In S. Petronio, Balancing the secrets of private disclosures (pp. 3-17). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Rusbult, C. E., Drigotas, S. M., & Verette, J. (1994). The investment model: An interdependence analysis of commitment processes and relationship maintenance phenomena. In D. J. Canary, & L. Stafford, Communication and relational maintenance (pp. 115-139). San Diego: Academic Press.
Scharlott, B. W., & Christ, W. G. (2001). Overcoming relationship-initation barriers: The impact of a computer-dating system on sex role, shyness, and appearance inhibition. Computer in Humans Behavior, 191-204.
Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. In W. Schramm, The process and effects of communication (pp. 3-26). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Seidman, I. (2006). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences (3rd ed.). New York: Teacher's College Press.
Seiler, W. J., & Beall, M. L. (2005). Communication: Making connections (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Singer, N. (2012, December 8). A vault for taking charge of your online life. The New York Times.
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