Effects of Facebook News Reception on Threat Perceptions and Personality Traits in German Speaking Countries
Keywords:
Facebook, news reception, dual process motivational model, threat perceptions, right-wing authoritarianismAbstract
Based on the dual process motivational model (Duckitt, 2001) and cultivation research (Gerbner, 1969), this study analyzes news reception on Facebook and its consequences for the recipient’s world view, right-wing authoritarianism, and threat perceptions in Germany. An online survey was completed by 429 Facebook users. Results demonstrate that Facebook news reception is relatively low but as predicted influenced by duration and intensity of Facebook use. No correlation occurred with general interest in news, which supports the idea that people find news coincidentally. Regression analyses revealed significant positive influences of duration on perceived economy-based threat and negative world view. The effects of news reception partly correspond to the findings of cultivation research; however, contrary findings appear with right-wing authoritarianism.
References
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Bessi, A., Coletto, M., Davidescu, G. A., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2015). Science vs conspiracy: Collective narratives in the age of misinformation. PLoS ONE, 10(2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118093
Beullens, K., Roe, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2011a). Excellent gamer, excellent driver? The impact of adolescents’ video game playing on driving behavior: A two-wave panel study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43, 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.07.011
Beullens, K., Roe, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2011b). The Impact of adolescents’ news and action movie viewing on risky driving behavior: A longitudinal study. Human Communication Research, 37(4), 488–508. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01412.x
Bonds-Raacke, J., & Raacke, J. (2010). MySpace and Facebook: Identifying dimensions of uses and gratifications for friend networking sites. Individual Differences Research, 8, 27–33.
boyd, d. m., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 201–230. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Cheng, Y., Xie, Y., Zhang, K., Agrawal, A., & Choudhary, A. (2012, August). How online content is received by users in social media: A case study on Facebook.com posts. Paper presented at 2nd Social Media Analytics Workshop, Beijing, China.
Chong, Y. M. G., Teng, K. Z. S., Siew, S. C. A., & Skoric, M. M. (2012). Cultivation effects of video games: A longer-term experimental test of first- and second-order effects. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(9), 952–971. doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.9.952
Davenport, S. W., Bergman, S. M., Bergman, J. Z., & Fearrington, M. E. (2014). Twitter versus Facebook: Exploring the role of narcissism in the motives and usage of different social media platforms. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 212–220. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.011
Doelker, C. (2002). Ein Bild ist mehr als ein Bild. Visuelle Kompetenz in der Multimedia-Gesellschaft [A picture is more than a picture. Visual competence in the multi-media society]. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Duchowski, A. (2007). Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice (2nd ed.). London: Springer.
Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 41–113). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Duckitt, J. (2006). Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to outgroups. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 684–696. doi:10.1177/0146167205284282
Duckitt, J., & Fisher, K. (2003). The impact of social threat on worldview and ideological attitudes. Political Psychology, 24, 199–222.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
Facebook. (2017). Stats. Retrieved from http://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/
Fahmy, S., Cho, S., Wanta, W., & Song, Y. (2006). Visual agenda-setting after 9/11: Individuals’ emotions, image recall, and concern with terrorism. Visual Communication Quarterly, 13(1), 4–15. doi:10.1207/s15551407vcq1301_2
Frindte, W., & Haußecker, N. (2010). Inszenierter Terrorismus [Staged terrorism]. Wiesbaden: VS.
Funke, F. (2005). The dimensionality of right-wing authoritarianism: Lessons from the dilemma between theory and measurement. Political Psychology, 26(2), 195–218. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00415.x
Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news. Journal of Peace Research, 2, 64–91.
Gerbner, G. (1969). Toward “cultural indicators”: The analysis of mass mediated public message systems. In G. Gerbner, O. R. Holsti, K. Krippendorff, W. J. Paisley, & P. J. Stone (Eds.), The analysis of communication content - Developements in scientific theories and computer techniques (pp. 123–132). New York, NY: Wiley & Sons.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung. N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x
Glynn, C. J., Huge, M. E., & Hoffman, L. H. (2012). All the news that’s fit to post: A profile of news use on social networking sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 113–119. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.017
Gottfried, J., & Shearer, E. (2016). News use across social media platforms 2016. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://pewrsr.ch/1Pqwss8
Hasebrink, U., & Schmidt, J.-H. (2013). Medienübergreifende Informationsrepertoires [Cross-medial information sources]. Media Perspektiven, 1, 2–12. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/2bzEErg
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Guilford Press: New York, NY.
Hofmann, D., & Mikos, L. (2010). Mediensozialisationstheorien [Theories of media socialization]. Wiesbaden: VS.
Junco, R. (2013). Comparing acutal and self-reported measures of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 626–631. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.007
Knobloch, S., Hastall, M., Zillmann, D., & Callison, C. (2003). Informationsselektion im Internet-Zeitalter [Information selection in the internet age]. In W. Donsbach, & O. Jandura (Eds.), Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft: Chancen und Gefahren der Mediendemokratie [Periodicals of the German Society of Journalism and Communication Research: Chances and risks of media democracy] (pp. 279–291). Konstanz: UVK.
Koleva, S. P., & Rip, B. (2009). Attachment style and political ideology: A review of contradictory findings. Social Justice Research, 22(2–3), 241–258. doi:10.1007/s11211-009-0099-y
Krüger, U. M. (2015). InfoMonitor 2014: Internationale Themen dominieren die aktuelle Berichterstattung. Fernsehnachrichten bei ARD, ZDF, RTL und Sat.1 [International issues dominate the current broadcasts. TV news on ARD, ZDF, RTL, and Sat.1]. Media Perspektiven, 2, 75–104. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1VB5cZ2
Lampe, C., Ellison, N. B., & Steinfield, C. (2008, November). Changes in use and perception of Facebook. Paper presented at Computer Supported Cooperative Work, San Diego, CA.
Lee, C. S., & Ma, L. (2012). News sharing in social media: The effect of gratifications and prior experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 331–339. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.00
Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2012). Selective exposure in the age of social media: Endorsements trump partisan source affiliation when selecting news online. Communication Research, 41(8), 1042–1063. doi:10.1177/0093650212466406
Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Guskin, E., & Holcomb, J. (2013). The role of news on Facebook – Common yet incidental. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://pewrsr.ch/1PJ6Odu.
Na, E.-Y. (2012). SNS 중이용자와 경이용자의 현실인식 차이: 배양효과와 합의착각효과 [Differences in reality perception between SNS heavy users and light users: Cultivation and false consensus effects]. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 26(3), 63–84.
Neuberger, C., Langenohl, S., & Nuernbergk, C. (2014). Social Media und Journalismus. Zusammenfassung der LfM-Dokumentation [Social media and journalism. Summary of the LfM documentation] (Vol. 50). Düsseldorf: LfM.
Newman, N., Levy, D. A. L., & Nielsen, R. K. (Eds.) (2015). Reuters Institute digital news report 2015: Tracking the future of news. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1Lcep5g
Onraet, E., Dhont, K., & van Hiel, A. (2014). The relationships between internal and external threats and right-wing attitudes: A three-wave longitudinal study. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(6), 712–725. doi:10.1177/0146167214524256
Panek, E. T., Nardis, Y., & Konrath, S. (2013). Mirror or megaphone? How relationships between narcissism and social networking site use differ on Facebook and Twitter. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(5), 2004–2012. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.012
Rauch, S. M., & Schanz, K. (2013). Advancing racism with Facebook: Frequency and purpose of Facebook use and the acceptance of prejudiced and egalitarian messages. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 610–615. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.011
Rosengard, D., Tucker-McLaughlin, M., & Brown, T. (2014). Students and social news: How college students share news through social media. Electronic News, 8(2), 120–137. doi:10.1177/1931243114546448
Statista (2016). Anzahl der monatlich aktiven Facebook Nutzer weltweit vom 3. Quartal 2008 bis zum 1. Quartal 2016 [Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide from 3rd quarter 2008 until 1st quarter 2016]. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1Ca43fw.
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–45). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Tippelt, F., & Kupferschmitt, T. (2015). Social Web: Ausdifferenzierung der Nutzung – Potenziale für Medienanbieter. Ergebnisse der ARD/ZDF-Onlinestudie 2015 [Social web: Differentiation of usage – potentials for media providers. Results of the ARD/ZDF online study 2015]. Media Perspektiven, 10, 442–452. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/2aAg9sN.
van Eimeren, B. (2015). Nachrichtenrezeption im Internet. Ergebnisse der ARD/ZDF-Onlinestudie 2014 [News reception on the Internet. Results of the ARD/ZDF online study 2014]. Media Perspektiven, 1, 2–7. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1OEjkhe.
Vraga, E. K., Bode, L., Smithson, A.-B., & Troller-Renfree, S. (2016). Blurred lines: Defining social, news, and political posts on Facebook. Journal of Information Technology & Politics. doi:10.1080/19331681.2016.1160265
Vraga, E., Bode, L., & Troller-Renfree, S. (2016). Beyond self-reports: Using eye tracking to measure topic and style differences in attention to social media content. Communication Methods and Measures, 10(2-3), 149–164. doi:10.1080/19312458.2016.1150443
Vu, H. T., & Lee, T.-T. (2013). Soap operas as a matchmaker: A cultivation analysis of the effects of South Korean TV dramas on Vietnamese women’s marital intentions. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), 308–330. doi:10.1177/1077699013482912
Wanta, W. (1988). The effects of dominant photographs: An agenda-setting experiment. Journalism Quarterly, 65, 107–111. doi:10.1177/107769908806500114
Wanta, W., & Roark, V. (1994). Response to photographs. Visual Communication Quarterly, 1(2), 12–13. doi:10.1080/15551393.1994.10387493
Weber, C., & Federico, C. M. (2007). Interpersonal attachment and patterns of ideological belief. Political Psychology, 28(4), 389–416.
Weeks, B. E., & Holbert, R. L. (2013). Predicting dissemination of news content in social media: A focus on reception, friending, and partisanship. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), 212–232. doi:10.1177/1077699013482906
Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 73–90. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.73
Asbrock, F., & Fritsche, I. (2013). Authoritarian reactions to terrorist threat: Who is being threatened, the Me or the We? International Journal of Psychology, 48, 35–49. doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.695075
Baek, K., Holton, A., Harp, D., & Yaschur, C. (2011). The links that bind: Uncovering novel motivations for linking in Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 2243–2248. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.07.003
Baresch, B., Knight, L., Harp, D., & Yaschur, C. (2011 April). Friends who choose your news: An analysis of content links on Facebook. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Online Journalism, Austin, TX.
Bessi, A., Coletto, M., Davidescu, G. A., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2015). Science vs conspiracy: Collective narratives in the age of misinformation. PLoS ONE, 10(2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118093
Beullens, K., Roe, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2011a). Excellent gamer, excellent driver? The impact of adolescents’ video game playing on driving behavior: A two-wave panel study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43, 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.07.011
Beullens, K., Roe, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2011b). The Impact of adolescents’ news and action movie viewing on risky driving behavior: A longitudinal study. Human Communication Research, 37(4), 488–508. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01412.x
Bonds-Raacke, J., & Raacke, J. (2010). MySpace and Facebook: Identifying dimensions of uses and gratifications for friend networking sites. Individual Differences Research, 8, 27–33.
boyd, d. m., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 201–230. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Cheng, Y., Xie, Y., Zhang, K., Agrawal, A., & Choudhary, A. (2012, August). How online content is received by users in social media: A case study on Facebook.com posts. Paper presented at 2nd Social Media Analytics Workshop, Beijing, China.
Chong, Y. M. G., Teng, K. Z. S., Siew, S. C. A., & Skoric, M. M. (2012). Cultivation effects of video games: A longer-term experimental test of first- and second-order effects. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(9), 952–971. doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.9.952
Davenport, S. W., Bergman, S. M., Bergman, J. Z., & Fearrington, M. E. (2014). Twitter versus Facebook: Exploring the role of narcissism in the motives and usage of different social media platforms. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 212–220. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.011
Doelker, C. (2002). Ein Bild ist mehr als ein Bild. Visuelle Kompetenz in der Multimedia-Gesellschaft [A picture is more than a picture. Visual competence in the multi-media society]. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Duchowski, A. (2007). Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice (2nd ed.). London: Springer.
Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 41–113). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Duckitt, J. (2006). Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to outgroups. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 684–696. doi:10.1177/0146167205284282
Duckitt, J., & Fisher, K. (2003). The impact of social threat on worldview and ideological attitudes. Political Psychology, 24, 199–222.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
Facebook. (2017). Stats. Retrieved from http://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/
Fahmy, S., Cho, S., Wanta, W., & Song, Y. (2006). Visual agenda-setting after 9/11: Individuals’ emotions, image recall, and concern with terrorism. Visual Communication Quarterly, 13(1), 4–15. doi:10.1207/s15551407vcq1301_2
Frindte, W., & Haußecker, N. (2010). Inszenierter Terrorismus [Staged terrorism]. Wiesbaden: VS.
Funke, F. (2005). The dimensionality of right-wing authoritarianism: Lessons from the dilemma between theory and measurement. Political Psychology, 26(2), 195–218. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00415.x
Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news. Journal of Peace Research, 2, 64–91.
Gerbner, G. (1969). Toward “cultural indicators”: The analysis of mass mediated public message systems. In G. Gerbner, O. R. Holsti, K. Krippendorff, W. J. Paisley, & P. J. Stone (Eds.), The analysis of communication content - Developements in scientific theories and computer techniques (pp. 123–132). New York, NY: Wiley & Sons.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung. N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x
Glynn, C. J., Huge, M. E., & Hoffman, L. H. (2012). All the news that’s fit to post: A profile of news use on social networking sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 113–119. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.017
Gottfried, J., & Shearer, E. (2016). News use across social media platforms 2016. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://pewrsr.ch/1Pqwss8
Hasebrink, U., & Schmidt, J.-H. (2013). Medienübergreifende Informationsrepertoires [Cross-medial information sources]. Media Perspektiven, 1, 2–12. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/2bzEErg
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Guilford Press: New York, NY.
Hofmann, D., & Mikos, L. (2010). Mediensozialisationstheorien [Theories of media socialization]. Wiesbaden: VS.
Junco, R. (2013). Comparing acutal and self-reported measures of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 626–631. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.007
Knobloch, S., Hastall, M., Zillmann, D., & Callison, C. (2003). Informationsselektion im Internet-Zeitalter [Information selection in the internet age]. In W. Donsbach, & O. Jandura (Eds.), Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft: Chancen und Gefahren der Mediendemokratie [Periodicals of the German Society of Journalism and Communication Research: Chances and risks of media democracy] (pp. 279–291). Konstanz: UVK.
Koleva, S. P., & Rip, B. (2009). Attachment style and political ideology: A review of contradictory findings. Social Justice Research, 22(2–3), 241–258. doi:10.1007/s11211-009-0099-y
Krüger, U. M. (2015). InfoMonitor 2014: Internationale Themen dominieren die aktuelle Berichterstattung. Fernsehnachrichten bei ARD, ZDF, RTL und Sat.1 [International issues dominate the current broadcasts. TV news on ARD, ZDF, RTL, and Sat.1]. Media Perspektiven, 2, 75–104. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1VB5cZ2
Lampe, C., Ellison, N. B., & Steinfield, C. (2008, November). Changes in use and perception of Facebook. Paper presented at Computer Supported Cooperative Work, San Diego, CA.
Lee, C. S., & Ma, L. (2012). News sharing in social media: The effect of gratifications and prior experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 331–339. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.00
Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2012). Selective exposure in the age of social media: Endorsements trump partisan source affiliation when selecting news online. Communication Research, 41(8), 1042–1063. doi:10.1177/0093650212466406
Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Guskin, E., & Holcomb, J. (2013). The role of news on Facebook – Common yet incidental. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://pewrsr.ch/1PJ6Odu.
Na, E.-Y. (2012). SNS 중이용자와 경이용자의 현실인식 차이: 배양효과와 합의착각효과 [Differences in reality perception between SNS heavy users and light users: Cultivation and false consensus effects]. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 26(3), 63–84.
Neuberger, C., Langenohl, S., & Nuernbergk, C. (2014). Social Media und Journalismus. Zusammenfassung der LfM-Dokumentation [Social media and journalism. Summary of the LfM documentation] (Vol. 50). Düsseldorf: LfM.
Newman, N., Levy, D. A. L., & Nielsen, R. K. (Eds.) (2015). Reuters Institute digital news report 2015: Tracking the future of news. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1Lcep5g
Onraet, E., Dhont, K., & van Hiel, A. (2014). The relationships between internal and external threats and right-wing attitudes: A three-wave longitudinal study. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(6), 712–725. doi:10.1177/0146167214524256
Panek, E. T., Nardis, Y., & Konrath, S. (2013). Mirror or megaphone? How relationships between narcissism and social networking site use differ on Facebook and Twitter. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(5), 2004–2012. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.012
Rauch, S. M., & Schanz, K. (2013). Advancing racism with Facebook: Frequency and purpose of Facebook use and the acceptance of prejudiced and egalitarian messages. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 610–615. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.011
Rosengard, D., Tucker-McLaughlin, M., & Brown, T. (2014). Students and social news: How college students share news through social media. Electronic News, 8(2), 120–137. doi:10.1177/1931243114546448
Statista (2016). Anzahl der monatlich aktiven Facebook Nutzer weltweit vom 3. Quartal 2008 bis zum 1. Quartal 2016 [Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide from 3rd quarter 2008 until 1st quarter 2016]. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1Ca43fw.
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–45). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Tippelt, F., & Kupferschmitt, T. (2015). Social Web: Ausdifferenzierung der Nutzung – Potenziale für Medienanbieter. Ergebnisse der ARD/ZDF-Onlinestudie 2015 [Social web: Differentiation of usage – potentials for media providers. Results of the ARD/ZDF online study 2015]. Media Perspektiven, 10, 442–452. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/2aAg9sN.
van Eimeren, B. (2015). Nachrichtenrezeption im Internet. Ergebnisse der ARD/ZDF-Onlinestudie 2014 [News reception on the Internet. Results of the ARD/ZDF online study 2014]. Media Perspektiven, 1, 2–7. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1OEjkhe.
Vraga, E. K., Bode, L., Smithson, A.-B., & Troller-Renfree, S. (2016). Blurred lines: Defining social, news, and political posts on Facebook. Journal of Information Technology & Politics. doi:10.1080/19331681.2016.1160265
Vraga, E., Bode, L., & Troller-Renfree, S. (2016). Beyond self-reports: Using eye tracking to measure topic and style differences in attention to social media content. Communication Methods and Measures, 10(2-3), 149–164. doi:10.1080/19312458.2016.1150443
Vu, H. T., & Lee, T.-T. (2013). Soap operas as a matchmaker: A cultivation analysis of the effects of South Korean TV dramas on Vietnamese women’s marital intentions. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), 308–330. doi:10.1177/1077699013482912
Wanta, W. (1988). The effects of dominant photographs: An agenda-setting experiment. Journalism Quarterly, 65, 107–111. doi:10.1177/107769908806500114
Wanta, W., & Roark, V. (1994). Response to photographs. Visual Communication Quarterly, 1(2), 12–13. doi:10.1080/15551393.1994.10387493
Weber, C., & Federico, C. M. (2007). Interpersonal attachment and patterns of ideological belief. Political Psychology, 28(4), 389–416.
Weeks, B. E., & Holbert, R. L. (2013). Predicting dissemination of news content in social media: A focus on reception, friending, and partisanship. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), 212–232. doi:10.1177/1077699013482906
Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 73–90. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.73
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