Impact of Internet Use on Social Capital: Testing Putnam’s Theory of Time Displacement in Urban Pakistan
Keywords:
Usage of internet, time displacement, Social Capital, Virtual CommunicationAbstract
There is a rapid growth of information technology in Pakistan and the use of social media in urban Pakistan. This study analyzes the impact of Internet use by the young individuals and its relationship with the social capital and interpersonal behavior. The study reveals that Internet uses affect the youth and displaces them physically from the social capital but on the other hand the users are socially getting closer virtually with the society. Other impacts of the use of Internet are withdrawal of interest in the national development, family affairs and community matters. The study confirms the Putnam theory of time displacement and its effects social capital.
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Shah, D. V., Kwak, N., & Holbert, R. L. (2001). “Connecting” and “disconnecting” with civic life: Patterns of Internet use and the production of social capital. Political Communication, 18,141–162.
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Stoll, C. (1995). Silicon snake oil. New York: Anchor Books.
Turkle, S. (1996). Virtuality and its discontents: Searching for community in cyberspace. The American Prospect, 24, 50-57.
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Weiser, E. B. (2001). The functions of internet use and their social and psychological consequences. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4, 723–743.
Wellman, B., Haase, A. Q., Witte, J., & Hampton, K. (2001). Does the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? Social networks, participation, and community commitment. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 436–455.
Whitty, M. T. & McLaughlin, D. (2007). Online recreation: The relationship between loneliness, Internet self-efficacy and the use of the Internet for entertainment purposes. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1435–1446.
Widyanto, L., & McMurran, M. (2004). The psychometric properties of the Internet addiction test. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7, 443-450.
Williams, D. (2006). On and off the ’net: Scales for social capital in an online era. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,11, 593–628.
Yao-Guo, G., Lin-Yan, S. & Feng-Lin, C. (2006). A research on emotion and personality characteristics in junior high school students with Internet addiction disorders. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14, 153-155.
Young, K. (2009). Online Social Networking: An Australian Perspective. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society 7(1), 39-57. Retrieved from http://proquest.com
Ayesha, S. (2013). Social media trends in Pakistan. Retrieved from http://propakistani.pk/2013/05/22/social-media-trends-in-pakistan-infographic/
Agarwal, R., Animesh, A., & Prasad, K. (2005). Social Interactions and the 'Digital Divide': Explaining Regional Variations in Internet Use (August 22, 2005). Robert H. Smith School Research Paper No. RHS 06-024. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=796090 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.796090
Attewell, P. A., Suazo-Garcia, B., & Battle, J. (2003). Computers and young children: Social benefit or social Problem. Social Forces, 82(1), 277-296.
Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a development theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99–112.
Best, S., & Dautrich, K. (2003). Reinvigorating democracy: Generating social capital and political participation on the Internet. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Nashville, TN.
Boase, J. (2008). Personal networks and the personal communication system. Information, Communication & Society, 11(4), 490-508. DOI: 10.1080/13691180801999001
Bourdieu, P. (1980). Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste (R. Nice trasl), London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Burt, R.S. (1992). The social structure of competition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bowles & Gintis (2002). Social Capital and Community Governance. The Economic Journal, 112, 419-436
Chen, W., Boase, J., & Wellman, B. (2002). The Global Villagers: Comparing Internet Users and Uses Around the World. In B. Wellman, B. (Ed.), The Internet in Everyday Life (pp.74-113). Oxford: Blackwell.
Coleman, J.S. (1988). ‘Social capital and the creation of human capital’, American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-120.
Daily Dawn. (2015, March 12). Use of Internet in Pakistan.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
DiMaggio, P. (2004). From unequal access to differentiated use: A literature review and agenda for research on digital inequality. In K. Neckerman (Ed.), Social Inequality. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143–1168.
Goldfarb, A. (2006). The (teaching) role of universities in the diffusion of the Internet. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 24(2), 203-225.
Granovetter, M. (2005). The impact of social structure on economic outcomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), 33-50.
Granovetter, M. (1983). The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory, 1, 201–33.
Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1361-1380.
Kahneman, D., & Krueger, A. B. (2006). Developments in the measurement of subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 3–24.
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53, 1017–1031.
Kemp, S. (2013). Social, digital and mobile in Pakistan. Retrieved from http://wearesocial.net/blog/2013/01/social-digital-mobile-pakistan/
Kobayashi, T., Ikeda, K. I., & Miyata, K. (2006). Social capital online: Collective use of the Internet and reciprocity as lubricants of democracy. Information, Communication & Society, 9, 582–611.
Kwak, N., Shah, D. V., & Holbert, R. L. (2004). Connecting, trusting, and participating: The direct and interactive effects of social associations. Political Research Quarterly, 57(4), 643-652. doi:10.1177/106591290405700412
Lavin, M., Marvin, K., McLarney, A., Nola, V., & Scott, L. (1999). Sensation seeking and collegiate vulnerability to Internet dependence. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2, 425–430.
McQuail, D. (2005). McQuail's mass communication theory (5th ed.). London: Sage.
Miyata, K., Boase, J., Wellman, B. & Ikeda, K. (2005). The Mobile-izing Japanese: Connecting to the Internet by PC and Webphone in Yamanashi‖. In Mizuko Ito et al. (Eds.), The Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 143-164.
Moody, E. J. (2001). Internet use and its relationship to loneliness. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 4(3), 393-401.
Nie, N. H., & Erbring, L. (2000). SIQSS Internet and society study. Retrieved from Stanford University, Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society: http://www.stanford.edu/group/siqss/Press_Release/InternetStudy.html
Nie, N. H., & Erbring, L. (2002). Internet use, interpersonal relations, and sociability in the Internet. In B. Wellman (Ed). Everyday Life. Oxford: Blackwell.
Norris, P., & Jones, D. (1998). Virtual democracy. Harvard International Journal of Press Politics, 3(1), 1–4.
Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Raacke, J., & Bonds-Raacke, J. (2008). MySpace and Facebook: Applying the uses and gratifications theory to exploring friend-networking sites. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 11, 169–174.
Resnick, P. (2001). Beyond Bowling together: Sociotechnical Capital. In J. Carroll (Ed.) HCI in the New Millennium. pp. 247-272.
Riphagen, J., & Kanfer, A. (1997). How does e-mail affect our lives?, Champaign-Urbana Illinois: National Center for Supercomputing Applications.
Shah, D. V., Kwak, N., & Holbert, R. L. (2001). “Connecting” and “disconnecting” with civic life: Patterns of Internet use and the production of social capital. Political Communication, 18,141–162.
Shah, D. V., Schmierbach, M., Hawkins, J., Espino, R., & Donavan, J. (2002). Nonrecursive models of Internet use and community engagement questioning whether time spent online erodes social capital. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(4), 964-987.
Shahid, H. (2015). Student use Internet: Prospects and Challenges. Journal of Social Media, 1(3), 23-30.
Stoll, C. (1995). Silicon snake oil. New York: Anchor Books.
Turkle, S. (1996). Virtuality and its discontents: Searching for community in cyberspace. The American Prospect, 24, 50-57.
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Schouten, A. P. (2006). Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents' well-being and social self-esteem. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 9, 584–590.
Uslaner, E. M. (2002). The moral foundations of trust. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Weiser, E. B. (2001). The functions of internet use and their social and psychological consequences. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4, 723–743.
Wellman, B., Haase, A. Q., Witte, J., & Hampton, K. (2001). Does the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? Social networks, participation, and community commitment. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 436–455.
Whitty, M. T. & McLaughlin, D. (2007). Online recreation: The relationship between loneliness, Internet self-efficacy and the use of the Internet for entertainment purposes. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1435–1446.
Widyanto, L., & McMurran, M. (2004). The psychometric properties of the Internet addiction test. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7, 443-450.
Williams, D. (2006). On and off the ’net: Scales for social capital in an online era. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,11, 593–628.
Yao-Guo, G., Lin-Yan, S. & Feng-Lin, C. (2006). A research on emotion and personality characteristics in junior high school students with Internet addiction disorders. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14, 153-155.
Young, K. (2009). Online Social Networking: An Australian Perspective. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society 7(1), 39-57. Retrieved from http://proquest.com
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