The Significance of Written Responses as a Nonverbal Cue that Contributes to Online Young Adult Relationship Initiation
Keywords:
arranged marriage, impression formation, online dating, paralanguage, and social networksAbstract
This research study investigates the influence typed statements has on the decision-making process for adolescents when choosing to initiate communicating with an online dating match. Undergraduate students (n=247) were administered a 42-item survey, where participants replied to questions that asked if typed responses to prewritten questions influences their decision to initiate communicating with an online dating match. Results indicate typed responses did not adversely impact whether a person will initiate communicating with a match, but additional data does suggest other nonverbal cues are significant.
References
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Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. A., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the “true Self” on the internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 33.
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Boucher, H. C. (2014). The relational-interdependent self-construal and positive illusions in friendship. Self & Identity, 13(4), 460-476.
Brand, R. J., Bonatsos, A., D’Orazio, R., & DeShong, H. (2012). What is beautiful is good, even online: Correlations between photo attractiveness and text attractiveness in men’s online dating profiles. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 166-170.
Carter, D. M. (2004). Living in virtual communities: Making friends online. Journal of Urban Technology, 11(3), 109-125.
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De Groot, T., & Gooty, J. (2009). Can nonverbal cues be used to make meaningful personality attributions in employment interviews?. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(2), 179-192.
Derlega, V. L., & Chaikin, A. L. (1977). Privacy and self-disclosure in social relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 33(3), 102-115.
Donn, J. E., & Sherman, R. C. (2002). Attitudes and Practices Regarding the Formation of Romantic Relationships on the Internet. Cyberpsychology, 5(2), 107-123.
Fiore, A. T., Taylor, L. S., Mendelsohn, G. A., & Hearst, M. (2008). Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2008, Assessing attractiveness in online dating profiles. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 797-806). ACM.
Fox, J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2015). Romantic partner monitoring after breakups: attachment, dependence, distress, and post-dissolution online surveillance via social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 18(9), 491-498.
Fullwood, C., Quinn, S., Chen-Wilson, J., Chadwick, D., & Reynolds, K. (2015). Put on a smiley face: textspeak and personality perceptions. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 18(3), 147-151.
Gera, M., & Kaur, K. (2014). A correlational study of peer relationships and internet usage of adolescents. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach & Studies, 1(5), 48-58.
Gibbs, J. L., Ellison, N. B., & Lai, C. H. (2010). First comes love, then comes Google: An investigation of uncertainty reduction strategies and self-disclosure in online dating. Communication Research, 0093650210377091.
Glüer, M., & Lohaus, A. (2016). Participation in social network sites: Associations with the quality of offline and online friendships in German preadolescents and adolescents. Cyberpsychology, 10(2), 21-36.
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Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my facebook wall: Effects of exposure to facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14(1/2), 79-83.
Gross, E. F., Juvonen, J., & Gable, S. L. (2002). Internet use and well-Being in adolescence. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 75.
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Heino, R. D., Ellison, N. B., & Gibbs, J. L. (2010). Relationshopping: Investigating the market metaphor in online dating. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(4), 427-447.
Henry-Waring, M., & Barraket, J. (2008). Dating & intimacy in the 21st century: The use of online dating sites in australia. International Journal of Emerging Technologies & Society, 6(1), 14-33.
Jin, S., & Martin, C. (2015). A match made online?: The effects of user-generated online dater profile types (free-spirited versus uptight) on other users’ perception of trustworthiness, interpersonal attraction, and personality. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and social networking, 18(6), 320-327.
Kralj Novak, P., Smailović, J., Sluban, B., & Mozetič, I. (2015). Sentiment of Emojis. Plos ONE, 10(12), 1-22.
Lewis, S, P., Rosenrot, S. A., & Messner, M. A. (2012). Seeking validation in unlikely places: The nature of online questions about non-suicidal self-injury. Archives of Suicide Research, 16(3), 263-272.
Madsen, S. D., & Collins, W. A. (2011). The salience of adolescent romantic experiences for romantic relationship qualities in young adulthood. Journal of Research On Adolescence (Wiley-Blackwell), 21(4), 789-801.
McKenna, K. A., Green, A. S., & Gleason, M. J. (2002). Relationship formation on the internet: What’s the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 9.
Merton, R. K. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. The Antioch Review, 8(2), 193-210.
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (2003). Reflections on the self-fulfilling Effects of positive illusions. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3/4), 289-294.
Neuman, S. P. (2003). Maximum likelihood Bayesian averaging of uncertain model predictions. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 17(5), 291-305.
Oksman, V., & Turtiainen, J. (2004). Mobile communication as a social stage: Meanings of mobile communication in everyday life among teenagers in Finland. New media & society, 6(3), 319-339.
Paul, A. (2014). Is online better than offline for meeting partners? Depends: are you looking to marry or to date?. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 17(10), 664-667.
Pujazon-Zazik, M., & Park, M. J. (2010). Adolescents to tweet, or not to tweet: Gender differences and potential positive and negative health outcomes of ' social internet use. American Journal of Men’s Health, 4(1), 77-85.
Rambaree, K. (2008). Internet-mediated dating/romance of Mauritian early adolescents: A grounded theory analysis. International Journal of Emerging Technologies & Society, 6(1), 34-59.
Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 367–389). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Roth, M., & Gillis, J. (2015). Convenience with the Click of a Mouse: A survey of adults with autism spectrum disorder on online dating. Sexuality & Disability, 33(1), 133-150.
Sayar, K., & Senkal, Z. (2014). Facebook loves: depression, psychosis and online romance, report of three cases. Journal of Mood Disorders, 4(1), 26-33.
Shin-Young, P., & Harada, A. (2006). A study of Non-verbal Expressions in a computer-Mediated communication context (CMC). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=A+study+of+Non-verbal+Expressions+in+a+computer-Mediated+communication+context&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C44&as_sdtp=
Smith, A., & Duggan, M. (2013 October 21). Online dating and relationships. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/10/21/online-dating-relationships/
Subrahmanyam, K., & Lin, G. (2007). Adolescents on the net: internet use and well-being. Adolescence, 42(168), 659-667.
Tu, C. H. (2002). The impacts of text-based CMC on online social presence. The journal of interactive online learning, 1(2), 1-24.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Who visits online dating sites? Exploring some characteristics of online daters. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(6), 849-852.
Van Der Heide, B., D’Angelo, J. D., & Schumaker, E. M. (2012). The effects of verbal versus photographic self‐presentation on impression formation in Facebook. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 98-116.
Walther, J. B., Van Der Heide, B., Hamel, L. M., & Shulman, H. C. (2009). Self-generated versus other-generated statements and impressions in computer-mediated communication a test of warranting theory using Facebook. Communication research, 36(2), 229-253.
Weidman, A. C., Cheng, J. T., Chisholm, C., & Tracy, J. L. (2015). Is she the one? Personality judgments from online personal advertisements. Personal Relationships, 22(4), 591-603.
Wiederhold, B. K. (2015). Twenty years of online dating: Current psychology and future prospects. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 18(12), 695-696.
Wilhelm, A. G. (2002). Wireless Youth: Rejuvenating the Net. National Civic Review, 91(3), 293.
Wright, K. B. (2005). Researching Internet-Based Populations: Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Survey Research, Online Questionnaire Authoring Software Packages, and Web Survey Services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3), 16-20.
Yang, M. L., & Chiou, W. B. (2010). Looking online for the best romantic partner reduces decision quality: The moderating role of choice-making strategies. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(2), 207-210.
Baker, C., & Carreño, P. (2016). Understanding the role of technology in adolescent dating and dating violence. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 25(1), 308-320.
Bargh, J. A., & McKenna, K. A. (2004). The internet and social life. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 573-590.
Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. A., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the “true Self” on the internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 33.
Bosnjak, M., & Tuten, T. L. (2001). Classifying response behaviors in web-based surveys. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(3), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00124.x
Boucher, H. C. (2014). The relational-interdependent self-construal and positive illusions in friendship. Self & Identity, 13(4), 460-476.
Brand, R. J., Bonatsos, A., D’Orazio, R., & DeShong, H. (2012). What is beautiful is good, even online: Correlations between photo attractiveness and text attractiveness in men’s online dating profiles. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 166-170.
Carter, D. M. (2004). Living in virtual communities: Making friends online. Journal of Urban Technology, 11(3), 109-125.
Carter, K. A. (2003). Type me how you feel: Quasi-nonverbal cues in computer-mediated communication. etc. A Review of General Semantics, 60(1), 29.
Chandra, A. (2016). Social networking sites and digital identity: The utility of provider-adolescent communication. Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter, 32(3), 1-7.
De Groot, T., & Gooty, J. (2009). Can nonverbal cues be used to make meaningful personality attributions in employment interviews?. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(2), 179-192.
Derlega, V. L., & Chaikin, A. L. (1977). Privacy and self-disclosure in social relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 33(3), 102-115.
Donn, J. E., & Sherman, R. C. (2002). Attitudes and Practices Regarding the Formation of Romantic Relationships on the Internet. Cyberpsychology, 5(2), 107-123.
Fiore, A. T., Taylor, L. S., Mendelsohn, G. A., & Hearst, M. (2008). Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2008, Assessing attractiveness in online dating profiles. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 797-806). ACM.
Fox, J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2015). Romantic partner monitoring after breakups: attachment, dependence, distress, and post-dissolution online surveillance via social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 18(9), 491-498.
Fullwood, C., Quinn, S., Chen-Wilson, J., Chadwick, D., & Reynolds, K. (2015). Put on a smiley face: textspeak and personality perceptions. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 18(3), 147-151.
Gera, M., & Kaur, K. (2014). A correlational study of peer relationships and internet usage of adolescents. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach & Studies, 1(5), 48-58.
Gibbs, J. L., Ellison, N. B., & Lai, C. H. (2010). First comes love, then comes Google: An investigation of uncertainty reduction strategies and self-disclosure in online dating. Communication Research, 0093650210377091.
Glüer, M., & Lohaus, A. (2016). Participation in social network sites: Associations with the quality of offline and online friendships in German preadolescents and adolescents. Cyberpsychology, 10(2), 21-36.
Goldsborough, R. (2015). Putting your emotions on screen. Teacher Librarian, 43(1), 64.
Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my facebook wall: Effects of exposure to facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14(1/2), 79-83.
Gross, E. F., Juvonen, J., & Gable, S. L. (2002). Internet use and well-Being in adolescence. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 75.
Haines, R., Hough, J., Cao, L., & Haines, D. (2014). Anonymity in computer-mediated communication: More contrarian ideas with less influence. Group Decision & Negotiation, 23(4), 765-786.
Havrilesky, H. (2002 May 15). In the competitive world of online dating, singles brand themselves as sexy commodities. But what happens when the wrapping comes off? Retrieved from http://www.salon.com/2002/05/15/online_dating/
Heino, R. D., Ellison, N. B., & Gibbs, J. L. (2010). Relationshopping: Investigating the market metaphor in online dating. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(4), 427-447.
Henry-Waring, M., & Barraket, J. (2008). Dating & intimacy in the 21st century: The use of online dating sites in australia. International Journal of Emerging Technologies & Society, 6(1), 14-33.
Jin, S., & Martin, C. (2015). A match made online?: The effects of user-generated online dater profile types (free-spirited versus uptight) on other users’ perception of trustworthiness, interpersonal attraction, and personality. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and social networking, 18(6), 320-327.
Kralj Novak, P., Smailović, J., Sluban, B., & Mozetič, I. (2015). Sentiment of Emojis. Plos ONE, 10(12), 1-22.
Lewis, S, P., Rosenrot, S. A., & Messner, M. A. (2012). Seeking validation in unlikely places: The nature of online questions about non-suicidal self-injury. Archives of Suicide Research, 16(3), 263-272.
Madsen, S. D., & Collins, W. A. (2011). The salience of adolescent romantic experiences for romantic relationship qualities in young adulthood. Journal of Research On Adolescence (Wiley-Blackwell), 21(4), 789-801.
McKenna, K. A., Green, A. S., & Gleason, M. J. (2002). Relationship formation on the internet: What’s the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 9.
Merton, R. K. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. The Antioch Review, 8(2), 193-210.
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (2003). Reflections on the self-fulfilling Effects of positive illusions. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3/4), 289-294.
Neuman, S. P. (2003). Maximum likelihood Bayesian averaging of uncertain model predictions. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 17(5), 291-305.
Oksman, V., & Turtiainen, J. (2004). Mobile communication as a social stage: Meanings of mobile communication in everyday life among teenagers in Finland. New media & society, 6(3), 319-339.
Paul, A. (2014). Is online better than offline for meeting partners? Depends: are you looking to marry or to date?. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 17(10), 664-667.
Pujazon-Zazik, M., & Park, M. J. (2010). Adolescents to tweet, or not to tweet: Gender differences and potential positive and negative health outcomes of ' social internet use. American Journal of Men’s Health, 4(1), 77-85.
Rambaree, K. (2008). Internet-mediated dating/romance of Mauritian early adolescents: A grounded theory analysis. International Journal of Emerging Technologies & Society, 6(1), 34-59.
Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 367–389). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Roth, M., & Gillis, J. (2015). Convenience with the Click of a Mouse: A survey of adults with autism spectrum disorder on online dating. Sexuality & Disability, 33(1), 133-150.
Sayar, K., & Senkal, Z. (2014). Facebook loves: depression, psychosis and online romance, report of three cases. Journal of Mood Disorders, 4(1), 26-33.
Shin-Young, P., & Harada, A. (2006). A study of Non-verbal Expressions in a computer-Mediated communication context (CMC). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=A+study+of+Non-verbal+Expressions+in+a+computer-Mediated+communication+context&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C44&as_sdtp=
Smith, A., & Duggan, M. (2013 October 21). Online dating and relationships. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/10/21/online-dating-relationships/
Subrahmanyam, K., & Lin, G. (2007). Adolescents on the net: internet use and well-being. Adolescence, 42(168), 659-667.
Tu, C. H. (2002). The impacts of text-based CMC on online social presence. The journal of interactive online learning, 1(2), 1-24.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Who visits online dating sites? Exploring some characteristics of online daters. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(6), 849-852.
Van Der Heide, B., D’Angelo, J. D., & Schumaker, E. M. (2012). The effects of verbal versus photographic self‐presentation on impression formation in Facebook. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 98-116.
Walther, J. B., Van Der Heide, B., Hamel, L. M., & Shulman, H. C. (2009). Self-generated versus other-generated statements and impressions in computer-mediated communication a test of warranting theory using Facebook. Communication research, 36(2), 229-253.
Weidman, A. C., Cheng, J. T., Chisholm, C., & Tracy, J. L. (2015). Is she the one? Personality judgments from online personal advertisements. Personal Relationships, 22(4), 591-603.
Wiederhold, B. K. (2015). Twenty years of online dating: Current psychology and future prospects. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 18(12), 695-696.
Wilhelm, A. G. (2002). Wireless Youth: Rejuvenating the Net. National Civic Review, 91(3), 293.
Wright, K. B. (2005). Researching Internet-Based Populations: Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Survey Research, Online Questionnaire Authoring Software Packages, and Web Survey Services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3), 16-20.
Yang, M. L., & Chiou, W. B. (2010). Looking online for the best romantic partner reduces decision quality: The moderating role of choice-making strategies. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(2), 207-210.
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