Social networking site as a Political Filtering Machine: Predicting the Act of Political Unfriending and Hiding on Social Networking Sites
Keywords:
Political participation, Hiding, Unfriending, Relationship dissolution, likeminded exposureAbstract
Social networking sites (SNSs) seem to have become a political filtering machine that allows users to classify their online friends based on their political ideologies. Hiding and unfriending on social media has turned into being a political gesture, discriminating individuals with opposite political views on SNSs. Unfriending activities during the 2016 U.S. Presidential election and during the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement are two notable examples. Individuals have the tendency to consume politically congenial information and be surrounded by people who share the same views. The formation of echo chambers and the reason for relationship dissolution on SNSs can be explained by Social Identity Theory.
Through an online panel survey of 386 SNS users, this study examined how factors of political ideologies, social media and offline political participation and likeminded exposure on SNSs can predict hiding and unfriending/unfollowing on Twitter and Facebook. Results from ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis revealed that if individuals had been in a politically homogeneous SNS environment, they were more likely to unfriend, suggesting the reinforcement of echo chambers in SNSs. Both social media and offline political participations predicted the dissociative, indicating that unfriending and hiding could be regarded as a new form of online political participation to engage in political affairs.
References
REFERENCES
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Brannon, L. A., Tagler, M. J., & Eagly, A. H. (2007). The moderating role of attitude strength in selective exposure to information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 611-617.
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Brundidge, J. (2010). Encountering “difference” in the contemporary public sphere: The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks. Journal of Communication, 60(4), 680-700.
Colleoni, E., Rozza, A., & Arvidsson, A. (2014). Echo chamber or public sphere? Predicting political orientation and measuring political homophily in Twitter using big data. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 317-332.
Conover, P. J., & Feldman, S. (1981). The Origins and Meaning of Liberal/Conservative Self-Identifications. American Journal of Political Science, 25(4), 617-645.
CTVNews.ca. (2015, January 12). Blogger promotes Facebook tool to unfriend someone for political views. Retrieved March 30, 2016, from http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/blogger-promotes-facebook-tool-to-unfriend-someone-for-political-views-1.2184258
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Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405-431.
John, N. A., & Dvir-Gvirsman, S. (2015). “I Don’t Like You Any More”: Facebook Unfriending by Israelis During the Israel-Gaza Conflict of 2014: Facebook Unfriending in Israel-Gaza Conflict 2014. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 953–974. http://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12188
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Kim, Y. (2011). The contribution of social network sites to exposure to political difference: The relationships among SNSs, online political messaging, and exposure to cross-cutting perspectives. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 971-977.
Kim, Y., Hsu, S. H., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2013). Influence of social media use on discussion network heterogeneity and civic engagement: The moderating role of personality traits. Journal of Communication, 63(3), 498-516.
Kushin, M. J., & Kitchener, K. (2009). Getting political on social network sites: Exploring online political discourse on Facebook. First Monday, 14(11).
Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students’ use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election. Mass Communication & Society, 13(5), 608-630.
Lawrence, E., Sides, J., & Farrell, H. (2010). Self-segregation or deliberation? Blog readership, participation, and polarization in American politics. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 141-157.
Lee, F. L., & Chan, J. M. (2016). Digital media activities and mode of participation in a protest campaign: a study of the Umbrella Movement. Information, Communication & Society, 19(1), 4-22.
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Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of political polarization, American Sociological Review 72, 784-811.
Baldassarri, D., & Gelman. (2007). Partisans Without constraint: Political polarization and trends in public opinion. American Journal of Sociology 114(2), 408-446.
Bevan, J. L., Pfyl, J., & Barclay, B. (2012). Negative emotional and cognitive responses to being unfriended on Facebook: An exploratory study.Computers in Human Behavior, 28(4), 1458-1464.
Bimber, B., & Davis, R. (2003). Campaigning online: The Internet in US elections. Oxford University Press.
Bode, L. (2016). Pruning the news feed: Unfriending and unfollowing political content on social media. Research & Politics, 3(3).
Brannon, L. A., Tagler, M. J., & Eagly, A. H. (2007). The moderating role of attitude strength in selective exposure to information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 611-617.
Brown, R. (2000). Social identity theory: Past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European journal of social psychology, 30(6), 745-778.
Brundidge, J. (2006, June). The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks: Does the medium matter. International Communication Association Conference, Dresden, Germany.
Brundidge, J. (2010). Encountering “difference” in the contemporary public sphere: The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks. Journal of Communication, 60(4), 680-700.
Colleoni, E., Rozza, A., & Arvidsson, A. (2014). Echo chamber or public sphere? Predicting political orientation and measuring political homophily in Twitter using big data. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 317-332.
Conover, P. J., & Feldman, S. (1981). The Origins and Meaning of Liberal/Conservative Self-Identifications. American Journal of Political Science, 25(4), 617-645.
CTVNews.ca. (2015, January 12). Blogger promotes Facebook tool to unfriend someone for political views. Retrieved March 30, 2016, from http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/blogger-promotes-facebook-tool-to-unfriend-someone-for-political-views-1.2184258
Dewey, C. (2015, December 16). “Unfriending” Trump supporters is just another example of how we isolate ourselves online. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/12/16/you-might-think-trump-is-bad-but-unfriending-his-supporters-on-facebook-is-worse/
Effing, R., van Hillegersberg, J., & Huibers, T. (2011). Social media and political participation: are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube democratizing our political systems?. In Electronic participation (pp. 25-35). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
Fix, R. (2013). The role of political ideology in dissociative behavior on social networking websites. University of Georgia. Retrieved from https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/fix_raphael_201312_ma.pdf
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance (Vol. 2). Stanford university press.
Forest, A. L., & Wood, J. V. (2012). When social networking is not working individuals with low self-esteem recognize but do not reap the benefits of self-disclosure on Facebook. Psychological science, 0956797611429709.
Garrett, R. K. (2009). Echo chambers online? Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(2), 265-285.
Garrett, R. K., Carnahan, D., & Lynch, E. K. (2013). A turn toward avoidance? Selective exposure to online political information, 2004–2008.Political Behavior, 35(1), 113-134.
Gervais, B. T. (2015). Incivility Online: Affective and Behavioral Reactions to Uncivil Political Posts in a Web-based Experiment. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 12(2), 167-185.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals' social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319-336.
Green, D., Palmquist, B., & Schickler, E. (2002). Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Greene, S. (2004). Social identity theory and party identification. Social Science Quarterly, 85(1), 136-153.
Hampton, K. N., Rainie, L., Lu, W., Dwyer, M., Shin, I., & Purcell, K. (2014). Social Media and the «Spiral of Silence». Washington, Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://1percent.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2014-Social-Media-and-the-Spiral-of-Silence.pdf
Himelboim, I., Hansen, D., & Bowser, A. (2013). Playing in the same Twitter network: Political information seeking in the 2010 gubernatorial elections. Information, Communication & Society, 16(9), 1373-1396.
Holt, R. (2004). Dialogue on the Internet: Language, civic identity, and computer-mediated communication. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Huddy, L. (2013). From Group Identity to Political Cohesion and Commitment. In L. Huddy, D. O. Sears & J. Levy (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Huddy, L., Mason, L. & Aaoe, L. (2015). Expressive partisanship: Campaign involvement, political emotion, and partisan identity, American Political Science Review 109(1), 1-17
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., & Bloom, P. (2009). Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals. Cognition and emotion, 23(4), 714-725.
Iyengar, S., & Hahn, L. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19-39.
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405-431.
John, N. A., & Dvir-Gvirsman, S. (2015). “I Don’t Like You Any More”: Facebook Unfriending by Israelis During the Israel-Gaza Conflict of 2014: Facebook Unfriending in Israel-Gaza Conflict 2014. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 953–974. http://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12188
Johnson, T. J., Kaye, B. K., & Lee, A. M. (2017). Blinded by the spite? Path model of political attitudes, selectivity, and social media. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 25(3), 181-196.
Jordan, T., & Taylor, P. A. (2004). Hacktivism and cyberwars: Rebels with a cause?. Psychology Press.
Jost, J. T., & Amodio, D. M. (2012). Political ideology as motivated social cognition: Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence. Motivation and Emotion, 36(1), 55-64.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin. 129(3). 339-375.
Kavanaugh, A., Carroll, J. M., Rosson, M. B., Reese, D. D., & Zin, T. T. (2005). Participating in civil society: the case of networked communities. Interacting with Computers, 17(1), 9–33. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2004.10.006
Kim, Y. (2011). The contribution of social network sites to exposure to political difference: The relationships among SNSs, online political messaging, and exposure to cross-cutting perspectives. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 971-977.
Kim, Y., Hsu, S. H., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2013). Influence of social media use on discussion network heterogeneity and civic engagement: The moderating role of personality traits. Journal of Communication, 63(3), 498-516.
Kushin, M. J., & Kitchener, K. (2009). Getting political on social network sites: Exploring online political discourse on Facebook. First Monday, 14(11).
Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students’ use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election. Mass Communication & Society, 13(5), 608-630.
Lawrence, E., Sides, J., & Farrell, H. (2010). Self-segregation or deliberation? Blog readership, participation, and polarization in American politics. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 141-157.
Lee, F. L., & Chan, J. M. (2016). Digital media activities and mode of participation in a protest campaign: a study of the Umbrella Movement. Information, Communication & Society, 19(1), 4-22.
Madden, M. (2012). Privacy management on social media sites. Pew Internet Report, 1-20.
Massanari, A. L., & Howard, P. N. (2011). Information technologies and omnivorous news diets over three US presidential elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 8(2), 177-198.
McLellan D. 1986. Ideology. Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
Mutz, D. C. (2002). Cross-cutting social networks: Testing democratic theory in practice. American Political Science Review, 96(01), 111-126.
Mutz, D. C., & Martin, P. S. (2001). Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: the role of mass media. American Political Science Review, 95(1), 97–114.
Mutz, D. C., & Mondak, J. J. (2006). The Workplace as a Context for Cross‐Cutting Political Discourse. Journal of politics, 68(1), 140-155.
NM Incite (2011). Friends & Frenemies: Why We Add and Remove Facebook Friends | Nielsen. Retrieved March 18, 2016, from http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2011/friends-frenemies-why-we-add-and-remove-facebook-friends.html
Parmelee, J. H., & Bichard, S. L. (2012). Politics and the Twitter revolution: How tweets influence the relationship between political leaders and the public. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Peña, J., & Brody, N. (2014). Intentions to hide and unfriend Facebook connections based on perceptions of sender attractiveness and status updates. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 143–150. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.004
Rainie, L., & Smith, A. (2012). Social networking sites and politics. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved June, 12, 2012.
Smith, A., & Duggan, M. (2013). Online dating & relationships. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/files/old-media/Files/Reports/2013/PIP_Online%20Dating%202013.pdf
Sibona, C., & Walczak, S. (2011). Unfriending on Facebook: Friend request and online/offline behavior analysis. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 1–10). IEEE. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5718725
Sibona, C. (2014). Unfriending on Facebook: Context Collapse and Unfriending Behaviors (pp. 1676–1685). IEEE. http://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2014.214
Smith, E. R. (1999). Affective and cognitive implications of a group becoming part of the self: New models of prejudice and of the self-concept. In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 183–196). Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341-366.
Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 556-576.
Stroud, N. J., Muddiman, A., & Lee, J. K. (2014). Seeing Media as Group Members: An Evaluation of Partisan Bias Perceptions. Journal of Communication, 64(5), 874-894.
Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Going to extremes: How like minds unite and divide. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tajfel, H. E. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. Academic Press.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter group behavior in S Worchel & WG Austin (Eds) Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago: Nelson.
Teo, T. (2014). Encyclopedia of critical psychology. Springer Reference.
Tong, S.T., & Walther, J. B. (2011). Just say no thanks’’: Romantic rejection in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(4), 488–506. http://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510384895
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site?: Facebook use and college students' life satisfaction, trust, and participation1. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 14(4), 875-901.
Veenstra, A. S., Hossain, M. D., & Lyons, B. A. (2014). Partisan Media and Discussion as Enhancers of the Belief Gap. Mass Communication and Society, 17(6), 874-897.
Veenstra, A. S., Lyons, B. A., & Fowler-Dawson, A. (2016). Conservatism vs. conservationism: Differential influences of social identities on beliefs about fracking. Environmental Communication. 10(3), 322-336.
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