Social Media For Good? A Survey On Millennials’ Inspirational Social Media Use
Keywords:
Social Networks, Well-Being, Inspiration, Prosocial Behavior, MillenialsAbstract
There is no doubt about the extensive use of social media by the millennial generation, but the study of the effects of such use is only in its infancy. Though most studies so far focus on the negative effects of overall time spent on social media, the current study investigated the relationship between exposure to a specific type of content on social media and well-being outcomes: namely, inspirational content. Results of an online survey with a total of 146 students revealed that inspiring social media and online video use, but not overall time spent on social media was related to everyday experiences of gratitude, awe, vitality, prosocial motivations and prosocial behaviors, but not connectedness. Self-transcendent emotions as elicited from inspiring social media mediated these relationships. Results are discussed in relation to the relevance of the content young people view on social media and their impact on well-being.
References
References
Aknin, L.B., Dunn, E.W., & Norton, M.I. (2012). Happiness runs in a circular motion: Evidence for a positive feedback loop between prosocial spending and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(2), 347-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9267-5
Algoe, S.B., & Haidt, J. (2009). Witnessing excellence in action: The ‘other-praising’ emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 105-27. doi: 10.1080/17439760802650519
Aron, A., Aron, E.N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596-612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
Bailey, E., & Wojdynski, B.W. (2014). Effects of “meaningful” entertainment on altruistic behavior: Investigating potential mediators. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(4), 603-619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1093484
Buchanan, K.E., & Bardi, A. (2010). Acts of kindness and acts of novelty affect life satisfaction. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(3), 235-237. DOI:10.1080/00224540903365554
Casey, S. (2017). 2016 Nielsen social media report. Social studies: A look at the social landscape. New York, NY: Nielsen. http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/reports-downloads/2017-reports/2016-nielsen-social-media-report.pdf (accessed Sept 4. 2017)
Diessner, R., Iyer, R., Smith, M.M., & Haidt, J. (2013). Who engages with moral beauty? Journal of Moral Education, 42, 139-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.785941
Emmons, R.A., & McCullough, M.E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective wellbeing in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-514.84.2.377
Erickson, T.M., McGuire, A.P., Scarsella, G.M., Crouch, T.A., Lewis, J.A., Eisenlohr, A.P., & Muresan, T.J. (2017). Viral videos and virtue: Moral elevation inductions shift affect and interpersonal goals in daily life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, advanced online publication. DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1365163
Fredrickson, B.L., Cohn, M.A., Coffey, K.A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S.M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045–1062. doi:10.1037/a0013262.
Fredrickson, B.L., Tugade, M.M., Waugh, C.E., & Larkin, G. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755263/
Fredrickson, B.L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Grieve, R., Indian, M., Witteveen, K., Anne-Tolan, G., & Marrington, J. (2013). Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3). 604-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122271/
Haidt, J., & Morris, J.P. (2009). Finding the self in self-transcendent emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 7687-7688. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903076106
Haidt, J. (2003) The moral emotions. In R.J. Davidson, K.R. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Sciences (pp. 852-870). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Hanna, E., Ward, L.M., Seabrook, R.C., Jerald, M., Reed, L., Giaccardi, S., & Lippman, J.R. (2017). Contributions of social comparison and self-objectification in mediating associations between Facebook use and emergent adults' psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 20(3), 172-179. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0247
Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, l-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Janicke, S.H., & Oliver, M.B. (2017). Meaningful films: The relationship between elevation, connectedness and compassionate love. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 6(3), 274-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000105
Janicke, S.H., Raney, A.A., Dale, K.R., & Oliver, M.B. (2017). Exploring the distinct contribution of inspirational media content to happiness and well-being. Presented at the Annual World Congress of the International Positive Psychology Association, Montreal, Canada, July 2017.
Janicke, S.H., Taylor, A., & Raney, A.A. (2016). Exploring viewer experiences with inspiring television shows and films. Presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Philadelphia, PA, November, 2016.
Jose, P.E., Ryan, N., & Pryor J. (2012). Does social connectedness promote a greater sense of well‐being in adolescence over time? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(2), 235-251. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00783.x
Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2013). Approaching awe: A moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 17, 297-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930302297
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D.S., Lin, N. …& Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e69841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
Lin, L.Y., Sidani, J.E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Hoffman, B.L., … & Primack, B.A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323-331. doi:10.1002/da.22466
Lup, K., Trub, L., & Rosenthal, L. (2015). Instagram #instasad?: Exploring associations among Instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 18(5), 247-252. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0560
McCullough, M.E., Tsang, J.A., & Emmons, R.A. (2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 295-309. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.295
McDool, E., Powell, P., Roberts, J., & Taylor, K. (2016). Social media use and children's wellbeing. IZA Discussion Paper No. 10412; https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2886783 (accessed May 4. 2017)
McFarland, S., Webb, M., & Brown, D. (2012). All humanity is my ingroup: A measure and studies of identification with all humanity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 830-853. DOI: 10.1037/a0028724
Oliver, M.B., Raney, A.A., Slater, M., et al. (in press). Self-Transcendent Media Experiences: Taking Meaningful Media to a Higher Level. To be published in Journal of Communication.
Oliver, M.B., Ferchaud, A., Raney, A.A., Janicke, S.H., & Dale, K. (2017). Predictors of selection of inspiring media and the resultant prosocial outcomes. To be presented at the annual National Communication Conference, Dallas, Texas, Nov. 2017.
Oliver, M.B., Kim, K., Hoewe, J., Chung, M.Y., Ash, E., Wolley, J.K., & Shade, D.D. (2015). Media-induced elevation as a means of enhancing feelings of intergroup connectedness. Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 106-122. doi:0.1111/josi.12099
Oliver, M.B., Hartmann, T., & Woolley, J.K. (2012). Elevation in response to entertainment portrayals of moral virtue. Human Communication Research, 38, 360-378. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01427.x
Oliver, M.B., & Raney, A. A. (2011). Entertainment as pleasurable and meaningful: Identifying hedonic and eudaimonic motivations for entertainment consumption. Journal of Communication, 61, 984-1004. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01585.x
Perrin, A. (2015) Social media usage: 2005-2015. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/10/08/social-networking-usage-2005-2015/ (accessed Sept. 5, 2017).
Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers In Human Behavior, 62, 155-167. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084
Prade, C., & Saroglou, V. (2016). Awe’s effects on generosity and helping. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 522-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1127992
Raney, A.A., Janicke, S.H., Oliver, M.B., Dale, K.R., Jones, R.P., & Cox, D. (2016). Profiling the sources of and audiences for inspiring media content: A national survey. Presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Philadelphia, PA, November 2016.
Ruberton, P.M., Kruse, E., Lyubomirsky, S. (in press). Boosting state humility via gratitude, self-affirmation, and awe: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. To appear in E. Worthington, D. Davis, & J. Hook (Eds.), Handbook of humility. New York: Routledge.
Rudd, M., Vohs, K.D., & Aaker, J. (2012). Awe expands people’s perception of time, alters decision making, and enhances well-being. Psychological Science, 23, 1130 –1136. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612438731
Rushton, J.P., Chrisjohn, R.D., & Fekken, G.C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 2(4), 293-302.
Ryan, R.M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well‐being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9327588
Schnall, S., Roper, J., & Fessler, D.M.T. (2010). Elevation leads to altruistic behavior. Psychological Science, 21, 315-320. DOI: 10.1177/0956797609359882
Shiota, M.N., Keltner, D., & John, O.P. (2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 61-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510833
Stellar, J.E., John-Henderson, N., Anderson, C.L., Gordon, A.M., McNeil, G.D., & Keltner, D. (2015). Positive affect and markers of inflammation: discrete positive emotions predict lower levels of inflammatory cytokines. Emotion, 15(2), 129-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000033
Thrash, T.M., Elliot, A.J., Maruskin, L.A., & Cassidy, S.E. (2010). Inspiration and the promotion of well-being: Tests of causality and mediation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 488-506. DOI: 10.1037/a0017906
Thrash, T.M., & Elliot, A.J. (2004). Inspiration: Core characteristics, component processes, antecedents, and function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 957-973. doi: 0.1037/0022-3514.87.6.957
Thrash, T.M. (2007). Differentiation of the distributions of inspiration and positive affect across days of the week: An application of logistic multilevel modeling. In A.D. Ong & M. Van Dulmen (Eds.), Oxford handbook of methods in positive psychology (pp. 515–529). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Tromholt, M. (2016). The Facebook experiment: Quitting Facebook leads to higher levels of well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 19(11), 661-666. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0259
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K.F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site?: Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 875–901. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x
Van Cappellen, P., Saroglou, V., Iweins, C., Piovesana, M., & Fredrickson, B.L. (2013). Self-transcendent positive emotions increase spirituality through basic world assumptions. Cognition & Emotion, 27(8), 1378-1394. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.787395
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Wood, A.M., Froh, J.J., & Geraghty, A.W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890-905. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3397865
Woods, H.C., & Scott H. (2016). #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 41-49. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008
Yang, C. (2016). Instagram use, loneliness, and social comparison orientation: Interact and browse on social media, but don't compare. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 19(12), 703-708. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0201
Aknin, L.B., Dunn, E.W., & Norton, M.I. (2012). Happiness runs in a circular motion: Evidence for a positive feedback loop between prosocial spending and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(2), 347-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9267-5
Algoe, S.B., & Haidt, J. (2009). Witnessing excellence in action: The ‘other-praising’ emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 105-27. doi: 10.1080/17439760802650519
Aron, A., Aron, E.N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596-612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
Bailey, E., & Wojdynski, B.W. (2014). Effects of “meaningful” entertainment on altruistic behavior: Investigating potential mediators. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(4), 603-619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1093484
Buchanan, K.E., & Bardi, A. (2010). Acts of kindness and acts of novelty affect life satisfaction. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(3), 235-237. DOI:10.1080/00224540903365554
Casey, S. (2017). 2016 Nielsen social media report. Social studies: A look at the social landscape. New York, NY: Nielsen. http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/reports-downloads/2017-reports/2016-nielsen-social-media-report.pdf (accessed Sept 4. 2017)
Diessner, R., Iyer, R., Smith, M.M., & Haidt, J. (2013). Who engages with moral beauty? Journal of Moral Education, 42, 139-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.785941
Emmons, R.A., & McCullough, M.E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective wellbeing in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-514.84.2.377
Erickson, T.M., McGuire, A.P., Scarsella, G.M., Crouch, T.A., Lewis, J.A., Eisenlohr, A.P., & Muresan, T.J. (2017). Viral videos and virtue: Moral elevation inductions shift affect and interpersonal goals in daily life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, advanced online publication. DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1365163
Fredrickson, B.L., Cohn, M.A., Coffey, K.A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S.M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045–1062. doi:10.1037/a0013262.
Fredrickson, B.L., Tugade, M.M., Waugh, C.E., & Larkin, G. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755263/
Fredrickson, B.L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Grieve, R., Indian, M., Witteveen, K., Anne-Tolan, G., & Marrington, J. (2013). Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3). 604-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122271/
Haidt, J., & Morris, J.P. (2009). Finding the self in self-transcendent emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 7687-7688. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903076106
Haidt, J. (2003) The moral emotions. In R.J. Davidson, K.R. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Sciences (pp. 852-870). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Hanna, E., Ward, L.M., Seabrook, R.C., Jerald, M., Reed, L., Giaccardi, S., & Lippman, J.R. (2017). Contributions of social comparison and self-objectification in mediating associations between Facebook use and emergent adults' psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 20(3), 172-179. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0247
Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, l-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Janicke, S.H., & Oliver, M.B. (2017). Meaningful films: The relationship between elevation, connectedness and compassionate love. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 6(3), 274-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000105
Janicke, S.H., Raney, A.A., Dale, K.R., & Oliver, M.B. (2017). Exploring the distinct contribution of inspirational media content to happiness and well-being. Presented at the Annual World Congress of the International Positive Psychology Association, Montreal, Canada, July 2017.
Janicke, S.H., Taylor, A., & Raney, A.A. (2016). Exploring viewer experiences with inspiring television shows and films. Presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Philadelphia, PA, November, 2016.
Jose, P.E., Ryan, N., & Pryor J. (2012). Does social connectedness promote a greater sense of well‐being in adolescence over time? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(2), 235-251. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00783.x
Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2013). Approaching awe: A moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 17, 297-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930302297
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D.S., Lin, N. …& Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e69841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
Lin, L.Y., Sidani, J.E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Hoffman, B.L., … & Primack, B.A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323-331. doi:10.1002/da.22466
Lup, K., Trub, L., & Rosenthal, L. (2015). Instagram #instasad?: Exploring associations among Instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 18(5), 247-252. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0560
McCullough, M.E., Tsang, J.A., & Emmons, R.A. (2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 295-309. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.295
McDool, E., Powell, P., Roberts, J., & Taylor, K. (2016). Social media use and children's wellbeing. IZA Discussion Paper No. 10412; https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2886783 (accessed May 4. 2017)
McFarland, S., Webb, M., & Brown, D. (2012). All humanity is my ingroup: A measure and studies of identification with all humanity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 830-853. DOI: 10.1037/a0028724
Oliver, M.B., Raney, A.A., Slater, M., et al. (in press). Self-Transcendent Media Experiences: Taking Meaningful Media to a Higher Level. To be published in Journal of Communication.
Oliver, M.B., Ferchaud, A., Raney, A.A., Janicke, S.H., & Dale, K. (2017). Predictors of selection of inspiring media and the resultant prosocial outcomes. To be presented at the annual National Communication Conference, Dallas, Texas, Nov. 2017.
Oliver, M.B., Kim, K., Hoewe, J., Chung, M.Y., Ash, E., Wolley, J.K., & Shade, D.D. (2015). Media-induced elevation as a means of enhancing feelings of intergroup connectedness. Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 106-122. doi:0.1111/josi.12099
Oliver, M.B., Hartmann, T., & Woolley, J.K. (2012). Elevation in response to entertainment portrayals of moral virtue. Human Communication Research, 38, 360-378. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01427.x
Oliver, M.B., & Raney, A. A. (2011). Entertainment as pleasurable and meaningful: Identifying hedonic and eudaimonic motivations for entertainment consumption. Journal of Communication, 61, 984-1004. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01585.x
Perrin, A. (2015) Social media usage: 2005-2015. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/10/08/social-networking-usage-2005-2015/ (accessed Sept. 5, 2017).
Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers In Human Behavior, 62, 155-167. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084
Prade, C., & Saroglou, V. (2016). Awe’s effects on generosity and helping. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 522-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1127992
Raney, A.A., Janicke, S.H., Oliver, M.B., Dale, K.R., Jones, R.P., & Cox, D. (2016). Profiling the sources of and audiences for inspiring media content: A national survey. Presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Philadelphia, PA, November 2016.
Ruberton, P.M., Kruse, E., Lyubomirsky, S. (in press). Boosting state humility via gratitude, self-affirmation, and awe: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. To appear in E. Worthington, D. Davis, & J. Hook (Eds.), Handbook of humility. New York: Routledge.
Rudd, M., Vohs, K.D., & Aaker, J. (2012). Awe expands people’s perception of time, alters decision making, and enhances well-being. Psychological Science, 23, 1130 –1136. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612438731
Rushton, J.P., Chrisjohn, R.D., & Fekken, G.C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 2(4), 293-302.
Ryan, R.M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well‐being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9327588
Schnall, S., Roper, J., & Fessler, D.M.T. (2010). Elevation leads to altruistic behavior. Psychological Science, 21, 315-320. DOI: 10.1177/0956797609359882
Shiota, M.N., Keltner, D., & John, O.P. (2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 61-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510833
Stellar, J.E., John-Henderson, N., Anderson, C.L., Gordon, A.M., McNeil, G.D., & Keltner, D. (2015). Positive affect and markers of inflammation: discrete positive emotions predict lower levels of inflammatory cytokines. Emotion, 15(2), 129-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000033
Thrash, T.M., Elliot, A.J., Maruskin, L.A., & Cassidy, S.E. (2010). Inspiration and the promotion of well-being: Tests of causality and mediation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 488-506. DOI: 10.1037/a0017906
Thrash, T.M., & Elliot, A.J. (2004). Inspiration: Core characteristics, component processes, antecedents, and function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 957-973. doi: 0.1037/0022-3514.87.6.957
Thrash, T.M. (2007). Differentiation of the distributions of inspiration and positive affect across days of the week: An application of logistic multilevel modeling. In A.D. Ong & M. Van Dulmen (Eds.), Oxford handbook of methods in positive psychology (pp. 515–529). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Tromholt, M. (2016). The Facebook experiment: Quitting Facebook leads to higher levels of well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 19(11), 661-666. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0259
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K.F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site?: Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 875–901. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x
Van Cappellen, P., Saroglou, V., Iweins, C., Piovesana, M., & Fredrickson, B.L. (2013). Self-transcendent positive emotions increase spirituality through basic world assumptions. Cognition & Emotion, 27(8), 1378-1394. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.787395
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Wood, A.M., Froh, J.J., & Geraghty, A.W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890-905. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3397865
Woods, H.C., & Scott H. (2016). #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 41-49. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008
Yang, C. (2016). Instagram use, loneliness, and social comparison orientation: Interact and browse on social media, but don't compare. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 19(12), 703-708. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0201
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2018-12-31
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