This is the Way the World “Friends”: Social Network Site Usage and Cultivation Effects
Keywords:
social network sites, online interaction, social attitudes, cultivationAbstract
Social network sites (SNSs) such as Facebook and Twitter have become a primary means of communication over the past decade. Prior research (e.g. Gerbner, Gross, Morgan & Signorielli, 1980) has indicated that recurring themes in media can make those themes chronically available in consumers, altering interpersonal attitudes and overall worldview. Previous research demonstrated primarily negative impacts of chronic television consumption, with increased perceptions of the frequency of violent crime, infidelity in romantic relationships, and personal vulnerability to both, dubbed “Mean World Syndrome.” However, if SNS use continually primes users with social connection, then more positive, trusting social attitudes may result instead. An initial study showed a positive correlation between intensity of SNS use and endorsement of trusting social attitudes; a follow-up study demonstrated a causal effect for SNS primes on the same broad attitudes. These findings suggest frequent, intense SNS use may create a “Friendly World Syndrome” that mirrors established cultivation effects for television. Implications for SNS use, potential mechanistic explanations, and future directions of inquiry are discussed.
References
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Kalpidou, M., Costin, D., & Morris, J. (2011). The relationship between Facebook and the well-being of undergraduate college students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0061
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265-284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.110.2.265
Khalil, A. A., & Abed, M. A. (2014). Perceived social support is a partial mediator of the relationship between depressive symptoms and quality of life in patients receiving hemodialysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 28(2), 114-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2013.11.007
Khan, G. F., Swar, B., & Lee, S. K. (2014). Social media risks and benefits: A public sector perspective. Social Science Computer Review, 32(5), 606-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314524701
Lammers, J., Stoker, J. I., Rink, F., & Galinsky, A. D. (2016). To have control over or to be free from others? The desire for power reflects a need for autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(4), 498-512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216634064
Lou, L. L., Yan, Z., Nickerson, A., & McMorris, R. (2012). An examination of the reciprocal relationship of loneliness and Facebook use among first-year college students. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46, 105–117. https://doi.org/10.2190/ec.46.1.e
Madell, D. E. & Muncer, S. J. (2007). Control over social interactions: An important reason for young people’s use of the Internet and mobile phones for communication? Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10(1), 137-140. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9980
Magee, J. C. & Galinksy, A. D. (2008). Social hierarchy: The self-reinforcing nature of power and status. The Academy of Management Annals, 2, 351-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520802211628
Magee, J. C., & Smith, P. K. (2013). The social distance theory of power. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(2), 158-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312472732
Mazer, J. P., Murphy, R. E., & Simonds, C. J. (2007). I'll see you on “Facebook”: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education, 56(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520601009710
McKenna, K.Y.A. & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0401_6
Moorhead, S. A., Hazlett, D. E., Harrison, L., Carroll, J. K., Irwin, A., & Hoving, C. (2013). A new dimension of health care: Systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(4), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1933
Nabi, R. L., Prestin, A., & So, J. (2013). Facebook friends with (health?) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 721-727. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0521
Perry, H. (2017, December 5). Social technology promotes superficial relationships [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.uatrav.com/opinion/article_4991cf24-da13-11e7-9f64-5bc9dbe9f8d3.html
Sestir, M. A. & Bartholow, B. D. (2010) Violent and nonviolent video games produce opposing effects on aggressive and prosocial outcomes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 934-942. https://doi.org/10.1037/e634112013-834
Sestir, M. A. & Green, M. C. (2010). You are who you watch: Identification and transportation effects on temporary self-concept. Social Influence, 5(4), 272-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2010.490672
Shrum, L. J. (1999). The relationship of television viewing with attitude strength and extremity: Implications for the cultivation effect. Media Psychology, 1, 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0101_2
Shrum, L. J. (2001). Processing strategy moderates the cultivation effect. Human Communication Research, 27, 94-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hcr/27.1.94
Shrum, L. J. (2007). The implications of survey method for measuring cultivation effects. Human Communication Research, 33, 64-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00289.x
Shrum, L. J. (2009). Media consumption and perceptions of social reality: Effects and underlying processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 50-73). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410602428
Shrum, L. J., Burroughs, J. E., & Rindfleisch, A. (2004). A process model of consumer cultivation: The role of television is a function of the type of judgment. In L.J. Shrum (Ed.), The psychology of entertainment media: Blurring the lines between entertainment and persuasion (1st ed., pp 177-192). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410609366
Shrum, L. J., Lee, J., Burroughs, J. E., & Rindfleisch, A. (2011). An online process model of second-order cultivation effects: How television cultivates materialism and its consequences for life satisfaction. Human Communication Research, 37, 34-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01392.x
Shrum, L. J., Wyer, R. S., & O’Guinn, T. C. (1998). The effects of television consumption on social perceptions: The use of priming procedures to investigate psychological processes. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(3), 447-458. https://doi.org/10.1086/209520
Utz, S. & Beukeboom, C. J. (2011). The role of social network sites in romantic relationships: Effects on jealousy and relationship happiness. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16, 511-527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01552.x
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 875-901. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x
Allen, K. A., Ryan, T., Gray, D. L., McInerney, D. M., & Waters, L. (2014). Social media use and social connectedness in adolescents: The positives and the potential pitfalls. The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 31(1), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.1017/edp.2014.2
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5). 353-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00366
Baek, Y. M., Bae, Y., & Jang H. (2013). Social and parasocial relationships on social network sites and their differential relationships with users’ psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 512-517. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0510
Barker, V. (2009). Older adolescents’ motivation for social network site use: The influence of gender, group identity and collective self-esteem. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12(2), 209-213. http://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0228
Ballentine, P. W. & Stephenson R. J. (2011). Help me, I’m fat! Social support in online weight loss networks. Journal of Consumer Behavior 10, 332–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.374
Belangee, S., Bluvshtein, M., & Haugen, D. (2015). Cybersocial connectedness: A survey of perceived benefits and disadvantages of social media use. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2), 122-134. https://doi.org/10.1353/jip.2015.0011
Chou, H. G. & Edge, N. (2012). “They are happier and having better lives than I am”: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15(2), 117-121. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0324
Dill, K. E. (2009). How Fantasy Becomes Reality: Seeing Through Media Influence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Drexler, P. (2013, October 17). Your social life is not your social media [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/our-gender-ourselves/201310/your-social-life-is-not-your-social-media
Ellison, N. B., Steinfeld, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143-1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
Ellison, N. B., Steinfeld, C., & Lampe, C. (2008). Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.002
Fournier, A. K., Hall, E., Ricke, P., & Storey, B. (2013). Alcohol and the social network: Online social networking sites and college students’ perceived drinking norms. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2(2), 86-95. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032097
Fox, J. & Moreland, J. J. (2015). The dark side of social networking sites: An exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083
Gentzler, A. L., Oberhauser, A. M., Westerman, D., & Nadorff, D. K. (2011). College students’ use of electronic communication with parents: Links to loneliness, attachment, and relationship quality. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking. 14(1-2), 71-74. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0409
Gerbner, G. (1998). Cultivation analysis: An overview. Mass Communication and Society, 3-4, 175-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.1998.9677855
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1980). The “Mainstreaming” of America: Violence profile no. 11. Journal of Communication, 30(3), 10-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1980.tb01987.x
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N., & Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman eds. Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 43-67. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410602428
Global Digital Statshot. (2017). Global Digital Statshot Q3 2018 – Summary Report. Retrieved February 25th, 2019 https://www.slideshare.net/wearesocialsg/digital-in-2018-q3-global-digital-statshot.
Gruenfeld, D. H., Inesi, M. E., Magee, J. C., & Galinksy, A. D. (2008). Power and the objectification of social targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.111
Hamid, S., Waycott, J., Kurnia, S., & Chang, S. (2015). Understanding students’ perceptions of the benefits of online social networking use for teaching and learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 26, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.02.004
Hunt, M. G., Marx, R., Lipson, C., & Young, J. (2018). No more FOMO: Limiting social media decreases loneliness and depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10), 751-768.
Isaac, M. (2016, June). Facebook to change news feed to focus on friends and family. The New York Times, Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/technology/facebook-to-change-news-feed-to-focus-on-friends-and-family.html.
Jensen, M. P., Smith, A. E., Bombardier, C. H., Yorkston, K.M., Miró, J., & Molton, I. R. (2014). Social support, depression, and physical disability: age and diagnostic group effects. Disability and Health Journal, 7(2), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2013.11.001
Kalpidou, M., Costin, D., & Morris, J. (2011). The relationship between Facebook and the well-being of undergraduate college students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0061
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265-284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.110.2.265
Khalil, A. A., & Abed, M. A. (2014). Perceived social support is a partial mediator of the relationship between depressive symptoms and quality of life in patients receiving hemodialysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 28(2), 114-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2013.11.007
Khan, G. F., Swar, B., & Lee, S. K. (2014). Social media risks and benefits: A public sector perspective. Social Science Computer Review, 32(5), 606-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314524701
Lammers, J., Stoker, J. I., Rink, F., & Galinsky, A. D. (2016). To have control over or to be free from others? The desire for power reflects a need for autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(4), 498-512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216634064
Lou, L. L., Yan, Z., Nickerson, A., & McMorris, R. (2012). An examination of the reciprocal relationship of loneliness and Facebook use among first-year college students. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46, 105–117. https://doi.org/10.2190/ec.46.1.e
Madell, D. E. & Muncer, S. J. (2007). Control over social interactions: An important reason for young people’s use of the Internet and mobile phones for communication? Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10(1), 137-140. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9980
Magee, J. C. & Galinksy, A. D. (2008). Social hierarchy: The self-reinforcing nature of power and status. The Academy of Management Annals, 2, 351-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520802211628
Magee, J. C., & Smith, P. K. (2013). The social distance theory of power. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(2), 158-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312472732
Mazer, J. P., Murphy, R. E., & Simonds, C. J. (2007). I'll see you on “Facebook”: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education, 56(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520601009710
McKenna, K.Y.A. & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0401_6
Moorhead, S. A., Hazlett, D. E., Harrison, L., Carroll, J. K., Irwin, A., & Hoving, C. (2013). A new dimension of health care: Systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(4), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1933
Nabi, R. L., Prestin, A., & So, J. (2013). Facebook friends with (health?) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 721-727. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0521
Perry, H. (2017, December 5). Social technology promotes superficial relationships [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.uatrav.com/opinion/article_4991cf24-da13-11e7-9f64-5bc9dbe9f8d3.html
Sestir, M. A. & Bartholow, B. D. (2010) Violent and nonviolent video games produce opposing effects on aggressive and prosocial outcomes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 934-942. https://doi.org/10.1037/e634112013-834
Sestir, M. A. & Green, M. C. (2010). You are who you watch: Identification and transportation effects on temporary self-concept. Social Influence, 5(4), 272-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2010.490672
Shrum, L. J. (1999). The relationship of television viewing with attitude strength and extremity: Implications for the cultivation effect. Media Psychology, 1, 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0101_2
Shrum, L. J. (2001). Processing strategy moderates the cultivation effect. Human Communication Research, 27, 94-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hcr/27.1.94
Shrum, L. J. (2007). The implications of survey method for measuring cultivation effects. Human Communication Research, 33, 64-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00289.x
Shrum, L. J. (2009). Media consumption and perceptions of social reality: Effects and underlying processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 50-73). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410602428
Shrum, L. J., Burroughs, J. E., & Rindfleisch, A. (2004). A process model of consumer cultivation: The role of television is a function of the type of judgment. In L.J. Shrum (Ed.), The psychology of entertainment media: Blurring the lines between entertainment and persuasion (1st ed., pp 177-192). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410609366
Shrum, L. J., Lee, J., Burroughs, J. E., & Rindfleisch, A. (2011). An online process model of second-order cultivation effects: How television cultivates materialism and its consequences for life satisfaction. Human Communication Research, 37, 34-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01392.x
Shrum, L. J., Wyer, R. S., & O’Guinn, T. C. (1998). The effects of television consumption on social perceptions: The use of priming procedures to investigate psychological processes. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(3), 447-458. https://doi.org/10.1086/209520
Utz, S. & Beukeboom, C. J. (2011). The role of social network sites in romantic relationships: Effects on jealousy and relationship happiness. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16, 511-527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01552.x
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 875-901. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x
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