#gotmuscles? Instagram and Body Image in College Men
Keywords:
Social media, Instagram, male body image, drive for muscularity, male body satisfaction, objectificationAbstract
Abstract
The exploratory study investigated the immediate effect of exposure of ideal male bodies on Instagram on state body satisfaction, drive for muscularity, and body comparison in male college students. Male college students were exposed to real Instagram accounts that included either images of the male mesomorphic ideal or neutral images. State Body Satisfaction was measured before and immediately after using computer based visual analogue scales. After exposure, participants completed social comparison and drive for muscularity measures. Exposure to muscular-ideal images on Instagram led to lower appearance satisfaction, weight satisfaction, and more social comparison compared to the neutral images. The novel and interesting findings from this study provide preliminary evidence for the negative role of social media images, specifically via Instagram, on men’s body image and social comparison.
References
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Cafri, G., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). Measuring male body image: A review of the current methodology. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(1), 18-29. DOI:10.1037/1524-9220.5.1.18
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Cash, T. F., Fleming, E. C., Alindogan, J., Steadman, L., & Whitehead, A. (2002). Beyond body image as a trait: The development and validation of the Body Image States Scale. Eating Disorders, 10(2), 103-113. DOI:10.1080/10640260290081678
Cash, T. F., Morrow, J. A., Hrabosky, J. I., & Perry, A. A. (2004). How has body image changed? A cross-sectional investigation of college women and men from 1983 to 2001. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1081-1089. DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1081
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Daniel, S., & Bridges, S. K. (2013). The relationships among body image, masculinity, and sexual satisfaction in men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(4), 345-351. DOI:10.1037/a0029154
Daniel, S., & Bridges, S. K. (2010). The drive for muscularity in men: Media influences and objectification theory. Body Image, 7, 32-38. DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.08.003
Davison, T. E., & McCabe, M. P. (2005). Relationships between men’s and women’s body image and their psychological, social, and sexual functioning. Sex Roles, 52(7-8), 463-475. DOI:10.1007/s11199-005-3712-z
Desreumaux, G. (2014). The complete history of Instagram. Viitattu, 17, 2017.
Dorian, L. & Garfinkel, P.E. (2002). Culture and body image in Western society. Eating and Weight Disorders: Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 7(1), 1-19.
Ellison, N. B., Heino, R. D., & Gibbs, J. L (2006). Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11 (2). DOI:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00020.x
Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2015). Negative comparisons about one's appearance mediate the relationship between Facebook usage and body image concerns. Body Image, 12, 82-88. DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.10.004
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140.
Frederick, D. A., Buchanan, G. M., Sadehgi-Azar, L., Peplau, L. A., Haselton, M. G., Berezovskaya, A., & Lipinski, R. E. (2007). Desiring the muscular ideal: Men's body satisfaction in the United States, Ukraine, and Ghana. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8(2), 103-117. DOI:10.1037/1524-9220.8.2.103
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173-206. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
Gokee-LaRose, J., Dunn, M. E., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2004). An investigation of the cognitive organization of body comparison sites in relation to physical appearance related anxiety and drive for thinness. Eating Behaviors, 5(2), 133-145. DOI:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.01.003
Gray, J. J., & Ginsberg, R. L. (2007). Muscle Dissatisfaction: An Overview of Psychological and Cultural Research and Theory. In J.K. Thompson & G. Cafri (Eds.), The muscular ideal: Psychology, social, and medical perspectives (pp. 15-39): Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Butler, New York, NY.
Grogan, S., & Richards, H. (2002). Body image: Focus groups with boys and men. Men and Masculinities, 4(3), 219-232. DOI:10.1177/1097184X02004003001
Haferkamp, N., Eimler, S., Papadakis, A. M., & Kruck, J. (2012). Men are from Mars, women are from Venus? Examining gender differences in self-presentation on social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and
Social Networking, 15, 91-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0151
Haferkamp, N., & Krämer, N. C. (2011). Social comparison 2.0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), 309-314. DOI:10.1089/cyber.2010.0120
Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2004). Idealized media images and adolescent body image: Comparing boys and girls. Body Image, 1(4), 351-361. DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.10.002
Hausenblas, H. A., Janelle, C. M., Gardner, R. E., & Hagan, A. L. (2003). Affective responses of high and low body satisfied men to viewing physique slides. Eating Disorders, 11(2), 101-113. DOI:10.1080/10640260390199299
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