Investigating Reddit Self-Disclosure and Confessions in Relation to Connectedness, Social Support, and Life Satisfaction
Keywords:
Online Disinhibition, Reddit, Self-Disclosure, Social Connectedness, Narcissism, Social Support, Life Satisfaction, Sensation SeekingAbstract
As a site where users can, and often do, remain anonymous, Reddit is a useful site for investigating how online disinhibition contributes to the sharing of private information. The current study surveyed Reddit users (N = 628) about the sharing of personal information unknown to their friends and families – and in particular, the use of threads developed for confessionary purposes. Results revealed a connection between the sharing of personal unknown information and feelings of connectedness, social support, and life satisfaction, as well as the traits of sensation seeking and narcissism. Furthermore, the frequency of posting official confessions was positively related to loneliness and narcissism, and negatively related to social connectedness and life satisfaction. Rating and/or commenting upon confession posts was significantly related to sensation seeking and narcissism. Finally, spending more time online, on social media, and on Reddit was associated with more self-disclosure of intimate and unknown information.
References
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Bargh, J.A., McKenna, K.Y.A., & Fitzsimons, G.M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the “true self” on the Internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 33-48.
Bazarova, N.N., & Choi, Y.H. (2014). Self-disclosure in social media: Extending the functional approach to disclosure motivations and characteristics on social network sites. Journal of Communication, 64, 635-657.
Ben-Ze-ev, A. (2003). Love online: Emotions on the Internet. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Beaudoin, C. E., & Tao, C.-C. (2007). Benefiting from social capital in online support groups: An empirical study of cancer patients. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(4), 587–590.
Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1303e1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167208320 061.
Bullingham, L., & Vasconcelos, A.C. (2013). ‘The presentation of self in the online world’:
Goffman and the study of online identities. Journal of Information Science, 39, p. 101-112. Doi: 10.1177/0165551512470051.
Davis, K. (2012). Friendship 2.0: Adolescents’ experiences of belonging and self-disclosure online. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1527-1536. doi: 0.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.013
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Derlega, V. J., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T. (1993). Self-disclosure. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Fredericks, S.E. (2014). Online confessions of eco-guilt. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, & Culture, 8(1), 64-84. doi: 10.1558/jsrnc.v81i.64
Gaither, G.A., & Sellbom, M. (2003). The sexual sensation seeking scale: Reliability and validity within a heterosexual college student sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81(2), 157-167. doi: 10.1207/S15327752JPA1802_07.
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Hays, R.D., & DiMatteo, R.M. (1987). A short-form measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51, 69-81.
Hollenbaugh, E.E., & Everett, M.K. (2013). The effects of anonymity on self-disclosure in blogs: An application of the online disinhibition effect. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18, 283-302. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12008.
Horgan, A., McCarthy, G., & Sweeney, J. (2013). An evaluation of an online peer support forum for university students with depressive symptoms. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 27(2), 84–89.
Hoyle, R.H., Stephenson, M.T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E.P., & Donohew, R.L. (2002). Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 401-414.
Hughes, M.E., Waite, L.J., Hawkley, L.C., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655-672. doi: 10.1177/0164027504268574.
Joinson, A.N. (2001). Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: The role of self-awareness and visual anonymity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 177-192.
Joinson, A.N. & Paine, C.B. (2007). Self-disclosure, privacy and the Internet. In A.N Joinson, K.Y.A McKenna, T. Postmes and U-D. Reips (Eds). Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology (pp. 237-252). Oxford University Press.
Joinson, A. N., Paine, C. B., & Buchanan, T. (2008). Measuring self-disclosure online: Blurring and nonresponse to sensitive items in web-based surveys. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 2158–2171.
Jourard, S.M. (1971). Self-disclosure: An experimental analysis of the transparent self. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience.
Kalichman, S.C. Johnson, J.R., Adair, V., Rompa, D., Multhauf, K., & Kelly, J.A. (1994). Sexual sensation seeking: Scale development and predicting AIDS-risk behavior among homosexually active men. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 385-397.
Kapidzic, S. (2013). Narcissism as a predictor of motivations behind Facebook profile picture selection. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 14e19.
Kelly, A., Klusas, J.A., von Weiss, R.T., & Kenny, C. (2001). What is it about revealing secrets that is beneficial? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(6), 651-656. doi: 10.1177/0146167201276002
Kelly, A., & McKillop, K.J. (1996). Consequences of revealing personal secrets. Psychological Bulletin, 120(3), 450-465. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.450
Kernis, M.H., & Goldman, B.M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. In M.P. Zana (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (volume 38, pp. 283-357). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Lee, S.Y. (2014). How do people compare themselves with others on social network sites? The case of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 253-260. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.009
Lee, R.M., & Robbins, S.B. (1995). Measuring belongingness: The social connectedness and the social assurance scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 232-241.
Magsamen-Conrad, K., Billotte-Verhoff, C., & Greene, K. (2014). Technology addiction’s contribution to mental wellbeing: The positive effect of online social capital. Computers in Human Behavior, 40, 23-30. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.014
Mazzoni, D., & Cicognani, E. (2014). Sharing experiences and social support requests in an Internet forum for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(5), 689–696.
Moisio, R., & Beruchashvili, M. (2010). Questing for well-being at Weight Watchers: The role of the spiritual-therapeutic model in a support group. Journal of Consumer Research, 36, 857-875. doi: 10.1086/605590.
Margolis, G. J. (1974). The psychology of keeping secrets. International Review of Psycho-Analysis, 1, 291–296.
Olson, D.A., Liu, J., & Shultz, K.S. (2012). The influence of Facebook usage on perceptions of social support, personal efficacy, and life satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 12(3/4), 133-144.
Orlebeke, J. F., van der Molen, M. W., Dolan, C., & Stoffels, E. J. (1990). The additive factor logic applied to the personality trait disinhibition. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 553–558.
Pavalanathan, U., and De Choudhury, M. (2015). Identity management and mental health discourse on social media. In Proc. WWW’15 Companion: 24th International World Wide Web Conference (pp. 315 – 321).
Pilkington, P.D., & Rominov, H. (2017). Fathers’ worries during pregnancy: A qualitative content analysis of Reddit. Journal of Perinatal Education, 26(4), 208-218. doi: 10.1891/1058-1243.26.4.208.
Pittman, M. (2015). Creating, consuming, and connecting: Examining the relationship between social media engagement and loneliness. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 41(1), 66-98.
Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155-167. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084.
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Robards, B. (2018). ‘Totally straight’: Contested sexual identities on social media site reddit. Sexualities, 21(1-2), 49-67. doi: 10.1177/1363460716678563
Sheldon, P., & Bryant, K. (2016). Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 89-97. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.059
Sheldon, K.M., Ryan, R.M., Rawsthorne, L.J., & Ilardi, B. (1997). Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big-Five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1380-1393.
Sillence, E., & Briggs, P. (2007). Please advise: Using the Internet for health and financial advice. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 727-748. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2004.11.006
Skues, J.L., Williams, B., & Wise, L. (2012). The effects of personality traits, self-esteem, loneliness, and narcissism on Facebook use among university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2414-2419. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.012.
Sowles, S.J., McLeary, M., Optican, A., Cahn, E., Krauss, M.J.,…Cavazos-Rehg, P.A. (2018). A content analysis of an online pro-eating disorder community on Reddit. Body Image, 24, 137-144. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.001
Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321-326.
Wills, T.A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90(2), 245-271.
Worthy, M., Gary, A.L., & Kahn, G.M. (1969). Self-disclosure as an exchange process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 59-63. doi: 10.1037/h0027990.
Yang, C. (2016). Instagram use, loneliness, and social comparison orientation: Interact and browse on social media, but don’t compare. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(12), 703-708. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0201.
Zimbardo, P. G. (1969). The human choice. Individuation, reason, and order vs. deindividuation, impulse and chaos. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 17, 237–307.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. et al. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41.
Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zuckerman, M., & Khulman, D.M. (2000). Personality and risk-taking: Common biosocial factors. Journal of Personality, 68, 999-1029.
Andalibi, N., Haimson, O., De Choudhury, M., and Forte, A. (2016). Understanding social media disclosures of sexual abuse through the lenses of support seeking and anonymity. In Proc. 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3906 – 3918). San Jose, California: Association for Computing Machinery.
Archer, R. L. (1980). Self-disclosure. In D. Wegner & R. Vallacher (Eds.), The self in social psychology (pp. 183-205). New York: Oxford University Press.
Bareket-Bojmel, L., & Shahar, G. (2011). Emotional and interpersonal consequences of self-disclosure in a lived, online interaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 732-759. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2011.30.7.732
Bargh, J.A., McKenna, K.Y.A., & Fitzsimons, G.M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the “true self” on the Internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 33-48.
Bazarova, N.N., & Choi, Y.H. (2014). Self-disclosure in social media: Extending the functional approach to disclosure motivations and characteristics on social network sites. Journal of Communication, 64, 635-657.
Ben-Ze-ev, A. (2003). Love online: Emotions on the Internet. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Beaudoin, C. E., & Tao, C.-C. (2007). Benefiting from social capital in online support groups: An empirical study of cancer patients. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(4), 587–590.
Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1303e1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167208320 061.
Bullingham, L., & Vasconcelos, A.C. (2013). ‘The presentation of self in the online world’:
Goffman and the study of online identities. Journal of Information Science, 39, p. 101-112. Doi: 10.1177/0165551512470051.
Davis, K. (2012). Friendship 2.0: Adolescents’ experiences of belonging and self-disclosure online. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1527-1536. doi: 0.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.013
De Choudhury, M., and De, S. (2014). Mental health discourse on reddit: Self-disclosure, social support, and anonymity. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (pp. 71 – 80). Ann Arbor, Michigan: AAAI.
Derksen, C., Serlachius, A., Petrie, K.J., & Dalbeth, N. (2017). “What say ye gout experts?” A content analysis of questions about gout posted on the social news website Reddit. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 18, 488-493. doi: 10.1186/s12891-017-1856-y.
Derlega, V. J., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T. (1993). Self-disclosure. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Fredericks, S.E. (2014). Online confessions of eco-guilt. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, & Culture, 8(1), 64-84. doi: 10.1558/jsrnc.v81i.64
Gaither, G.A., & Sellbom, M. (2003). The sexual sensation seeking scale: Reliability and validity within a heterosexual college student sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81(2), 157-167. doi: 10.1207/S15327752JPA1802_07.
Gagnon, T. (2013). The disinhibition of reddit users. Adele Richardson’s Spring.
Gentile, B., Miller, J.D., Hoffman, B.J., Reidy, D.E., Zeichner, A., & Campbell, W.K. (2013). A test of two brief measures of grandiose narcissism: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13 and Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1120-1136. doi: 10.1037/a0033192.
Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor.
Grieve, R., Indian, M., Witteveen, K., Tolan, G.A., & Marrington, J. (2013). Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online? Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 604-609. 10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.017.
Harter, S. (2002). Authenticity. In C.R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 382-394). New York: Oxford University Press.
Hays, R.D., & DiMatteo, R.M. (1987). A short-form measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51, 69-81.
Hollenbaugh, E.E., & Everett, M.K. (2013). The effects of anonymity on self-disclosure in blogs: An application of the online disinhibition effect. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18, 283-302. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12008.
Horgan, A., McCarthy, G., & Sweeney, J. (2013). An evaluation of an online peer support forum for university students with depressive symptoms. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 27(2), 84–89.
Hoyle, R.H., Stephenson, M.T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E.P., & Donohew, R.L. (2002). Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 401-414.
Hughes, M.E., Waite, L.J., Hawkley, L.C., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655-672. doi: 10.1177/0164027504268574.
Joinson, A.N. (2001). Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: The role of self-awareness and visual anonymity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 177-192.
Joinson, A.N. & Paine, C.B. (2007). Self-disclosure, privacy and the Internet. In A.N Joinson, K.Y.A McKenna, T. Postmes and U-D. Reips (Eds). Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology (pp. 237-252). Oxford University Press.
Joinson, A. N., Paine, C. B., & Buchanan, T. (2008). Measuring self-disclosure online: Blurring and nonresponse to sensitive items in web-based surveys. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 2158–2171.
Jourard, S.M. (1971). Self-disclosure: An experimental analysis of the transparent self. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience.
Kalichman, S.C. Johnson, J.R., Adair, V., Rompa, D., Multhauf, K., & Kelly, J.A. (1994). Sexual sensation seeking: Scale development and predicting AIDS-risk behavior among homosexually active men. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 385-397.
Kapidzic, S. (2013). Narcissism as a predictor of motivations behind Facebook profile picture selection. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 14e19.
Kelly, A., Klusas, J.A., von Weiss, R.T., & Kenny, C. (2001). What is it about revealing secrets that is beneficial? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(6), 651-656. doi: 10.1177/0146167201276002
Kelly, A., & McKillop, K.J. (1996). Consequences of revealing personal secrets. Psychological Bulletin, 120(3), 450-465. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.450
Kernis, M.H., & Goldman, B.M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. In M.P. Zana (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (volume 38, pp. 283-357). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Lee, S.Y. (2014). How do people compare themselves with others on social network sites? The case of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 253-260. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.009
Lee, R.M., & Robbins, S.B. (1995). Measuring belongingness: The social connectedness and the social assurance scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 232-241.
Magsamen-Conrad, K., Billotte-Verhoff, C., & Greene, K. (2014). Technology addiction’s contribution to mental wellbeing: The positive effect of online social capital. Computers in Human Behavior, 40, 23-30. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.014
Mazzoni, D., & Cicognani, E. (2014). Sharing experiences and social support requests in an Internet forum for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(5), 689–696.
Moisio, R., & Beruchashvili, M. (2010). Questing for well-being at Weight Watchers: The role of the spiritual-therapeutic model in a support group. Journal of Consumer Research, 36, 857-875. doi: 10.1086/605590.
Margolis, G. J. (1974). The psychology of keeping secrets. International Review of Psycho-Analysis, 1, 291–296.
Olson, D.A., Liu, J., & Shultz, K.S. (2012). The influence of Facebook usage on perceptions of social support, personal efficacy, and life satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 12(3/4), 133-144.
Orlebeke, J. F., van der Molen, M. W., Dolan, C., & Stoffels, E. J. (1990). The additive factor logic applied to the personality trait disinhibition. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 553–558.
Pavalanathan, U., and De Choudhury, M. (2015). Identity management and mental health discourse on social media. In Proc. WWW’15 Companion: 24th International World Wide Web Conference (pp. 315 – 321).
Pilkington, P.D., & Rominov, H. (2017). Fathers’ worries during pregnancy: A qualitative content analysis of Reddit. Journal of Perinatal Education, 26(4), 208-218. doi: 10.1891/1058-1243.26.4.208.
Pittman, M. (2015). Creating, consuming, and connecting: Examining the relationship between social media engagement and loneliness. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 41(1), 66-98.
Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155-167. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084.
Reddit. (2018). Homepage - Reddit. Retrieved from https://www.redditinc.com/
Reinecke, L., & Trepte, S. (2014). Authenticity and well-being on social network sites: A two-wave longitudinal study on the effects of online authenticity and the positivity bias in SNS communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.030
Robards, B. (2018). ‘Totally straight’: Contested sexual identities on social media site reddit. Sexualities, 21(1-2), 49-67. doi: 10.1177/1363460716678563
Sheldon, P., & Bryant, K. (2016). Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 89-97. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.059
Sheldon, K.M., Ryan, R.M., Rawsthorne, L.J., & Ilardi, B. (1997). Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big-Five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1380-1393.
Sillence, E., & Briggs, P. (2007). Please advise: Using the Internet for health and financial advice. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 727-748. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2004.11.006
Skues, J.L., Williams, B., & Wise, L. (2012). The effects of personality traits, self-esteem, loneliness, and narcissism on Facebook use among university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2414-2419. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.012.
Sowles, S.J., McLeary, M., Optican, A., Cahn, E., Krauss, M.J.,…Cavazos-Rehg, P.A. (2018). A content analysis of an online pro-eating disorder community on Reddit. Body Image, 24, 137-144. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.001
Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321-326.
Wills, T.A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90(2), 245-271.
Worthy, M., Gary, A.L., & Kahn, G.M. (1969). Self-disclosure as an exchange process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 59-63. doi: 10.1037/h0027990.
Yang, C. (2016). Instagram use, loneliness, and social comparison orientation: Interact and browse on social media, but don’t compare. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(12), 703-708. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0201.
Zimbardo, P. G. (1969). The human choice. Individuation, reason, and order vs. deindividuation, impulse and chaos. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 17, 237–307.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. et al. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41.
Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zuckerman, M., & Khulman, D.M. (2000). Personality and risk-taking: Common biosocial factors. Journal of Personality, 68, 999-1029.
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