Examining the Role of Individual Differences & Motivation in Predicting Social TV Viewing Behaviors among Young Adults in the U.S.
Keywords:
Social TV, Uses and Gratifications, Self-EfficacyAbstract
Social TV is the modern media multitasking behavior in which audiences engage in simultaneous social media use while watching linear or streaming television. This emerging trend in media consumption is growing as both the use of social media and integration of social media in television content becomes ubiquitous. An online survey (N = 276) utilized Uses and Gratifications theory as a framework for examining motivations closely associated with television consumption and social media use. Multiple regression results reveal that Passing Time and Personal Innovativeness positively influence the likelihood of using Social TV.
References
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Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Garcia‐Perdomo, V., & McGregor, S. C. (2015). What is second screening? Exploring motivations of second screen use and its effect on online political participation. Journal of Communication, 65(5), 793-815.
Guo, M. & Chan-Olmsted, S. (2015). Predictors of social television viewing: How perceived program, media and audience characteristics affect social engagement with television programming. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59 (2), 240-258.
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Lee, Y., Atkin, D, & Christensen, J. (2019). Why they post: Social capital needs on social networking sites. Journal of Communication and Media Studies, 11, 8-24.
Levenson, H. (1974). Activism and powerful others: Distinctions within the concept of internal-external control. Journal of Personality Assessment, 38, 377-83.
Lin, C. A. (2004). Webcasting adoption: technology fluidity, user innovativeness, and media substitution. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(3), 157-178.
Lin, C. A. (2006). Predicting webcasting adoption via personal innovativeness and perceived utilities. Journal of Advertising Research, 46(2), 228-238.
Lin, C., Atkin, D., Cappotto, C., Davis, C., Dean, J., Eisenbaum, J…Vidican, S. (2015). Ethnicity, the digital divide and uses of the Internet for health information. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 216-223.
Lu, J., Yao, J.E., & Yu, C.-S. (2005). Personal innovativeness, social influences and adoption of wireless Internet services via mobile technology. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 14 (3), 245-268.
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Mate, S., & Curcio, I. D. D. (2009). Mobile and interactive social television. IEEE Communications Magazine, 47(12), 116-122.
McKenna, K.Y.A., Green, A.S., & Gleason, M.E.J. (2002). Relationship formation on the Internet: What’s the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58, 9-31.
Nabi, R., Finnerty, K., Stitt, C., Halford, J., & Quintero, A. (2004). A comparison of cognitive and emotional predictors of the enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming. Conference Papers -- International Communication Association,1.
Nabi, R. L., Stitt, C. R., Halford, J., & Finnerty, K. L. (2006). Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective. Media Psychology, 8(4), 421-447.
Nee, R.C. (2013). Social TV and the 2012 election: Exploring political outcomes of multiscreen media usages. Electronic News, 7 (4), 171-188.
Nielsen (2013). The future of TV is social. http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2013/the-future-of-tv-is-social.html
Nielsen (2017). Tips of 2017: Television and social media. https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2017/tops-of-2017-television-and-social-media.html
Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(37), 15583-15587.
Pagani, M., & Mirabello, A. (2011). The influence of personal and social-interactive engagement in Social TV web sites. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(2), 41-68.
Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 175-196.
Pew Internet (2018). Social media fact sheet. (2018, February 2). Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/social-media/
Raacke, J., & Bonds-Raacke, J. (2008). MySpace and Facebook: Applying the uses and gratifications theory to exploring friend-networking sites. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 169–174.
Raney, A., & Ji, Q. (2017). Entertaining each other. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 424-435.
Rosengren, K. E. (1974). Uses and gratifications: A paradigm outlined. The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research, 3, 269-286.
Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st Century. Mass Communication & Society, 3(1), 3-37.
Schirra, S., Sun, H., & Bentley, F. (2014, April). Together alone: Motivations for live-tweeting a television series. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2441-2450). ACM.
Sherry, J. L. (2004). Flow and media enjoyment. Communication Theory, 14(4), 328-347.
Sun, T., Youn, S., Wu, G., & Kuntaraporn M. (2006). Online Word-of-Mouth (or Mouse): An Exploration of Its Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,11, 1104-1127. Doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00310.x.
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer‐mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time. Human communication research, 28(3), 317-348.
Trammell, K. D. (2006). Blog offensive: An exploratory analysis of attacks published on campaign blog posts from a political public relations perspective. Public Relations Review, 32(4), 402-406.
Verkasalo, H., López-Nicolás, C., Molina-Castillo, F. J., & Bouwman, H. (2010). Analysis of users and non-users of smartphone applications. Telematics and Informatics, 27(3), 242-255.
Wober, M., & Gunter, B. (1986). Television audience research at Britain's Independent Broadcasting Authority: 1974-1984. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 30(1), 15-31.
Wu, T.Y. & Atkin, D. (2017). Online news comments: Exploring the role of user personality, self-efficacy, and motivations. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 94 (1), 61-80.
Andrejevic, M. (2008). Watching television without pity: The productivity of online fans. Television & New Media, 9(1), 24-46.
Atkin, D., Hunt, D., & Lin, C.A. (2015). Diffusion theory in the new media environment: Towards an integrated model of technology adoption. Mass Communication & Society, 18, 623-650.
Bartsch, A. (2012). Emotional gratification in entertainment experience: Why viewers of movies and television series find it rewarding to experience emotions. Media Psychology, 15(3), 267-302. doi:10.1080/15213269.2012.693811
Bandura, A. (1986). Social functions of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Baumgartner, J. (2017, April 24). Social TV alive and well. Multichannel News, 1. Retrieved March 24, 2019 from https://www.multichannel.com/blog/study-social-tv-alive-and-well-412227
Blumler, J., & Katz, E. (1974). The uses of communications. Newport Beach, CA: Sage.
Buschow, C., Schneider, B., & Ueberheide, S. (2014). Tweeting television: Exploring communication activities on Twitter while watching TV. Communications, 39(2), 129-149.
Castro, D. & Straubhaar, D. (2018). Social issues and TV scripted fiction: An exploration of fans’ feedback in Spain, International Journal of Communication, 12 (Jan), 3368-3389.
Cohen, E. L., & Lancaster, A. L. (2014). Individual differences in in-person and social media television coviewing: The role of emotional contagion, need to belong, and coviewing orientation. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(8), 512-518.
Conlin, L., Billings, A.C., & Averset, L., (2016). Time-shifting vs. appointment viewing: The role of fear of missing out within TV consumption behaviors. Communication & Society, 29 (4), 151-164.
Dabbagh, N., & Kitsantas, A. (2012). Personal Learning Environments, social media, and self-regulated learning: A natural formula for connecting formal and informal learning. The Internet and higher education, 15(1), 3-8.
Eastin, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2000). Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1). Retrieved from http://www.ascusc. org/jcmc/vol6/issue1/eastin.html.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Garcia‐Perdomo, V., & McGregor, S. C. (2015). What is second screening? Exploring motivations of second screen use and its effect on online political participation. Journal of Communication, 65(5), 793-815.
Guo, M. & Chan-Olmsted, S. (2015). Predictors of social television viewing: How perceived program, media and audience characteristics affect social engagement with television programming. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59 (2), 240-258.
Han, E., & Lee, S. W. (2014). Motivations for the complementary use of text-based media during linear TV viewing: An exploratory study. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 235-243.
Harboe, G. (2010). Introduction to Social TV. In Mobile TV: Customizing content and experience (pp. 21-24). Springer, London.
Haridakis, P., & Hanson, G. (2009). Social interaction and co-viewing with YouTube: Blending mass communication reception and social connection. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53(2), 317-335.
Hoffman, D.L., Novak, T.P., & Schlosser, A.E. (2003). Locus of Control, Web use, and Consumer attitudes toward Internet regulation. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 22 (1), 41-57.
Hughes, D. J., Rowe, M., Batey, M., & Lee, A. (2012). A tale of two sites: Twitter vs. Facebook and the personality predictors of social media usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 561-569.
Hunt, D., Atkin, D., & Krishnan, A. (2012). The influence of computer-mediated communication apprehension on motives for Facebook use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56 (2), 187-202.
IAB – The Internet Advertising Bureau (2014). Retrieved July 8, 2018, from https://www.iab.com/insights/2014research/
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509.
Kim, J, Song, H., & Lee, S. (2017). Extrovert and lonely individuals’ Social TV viewing experiences: A mediating and moderating role of social presence. Mass Communication & Society, 21(1), 50-70.
Krämer, N. C., Winter, S., Benninghoff, B., & Gallus, C. (2015). How “social” is Social TV? The influence of social motives and expected outcomes on the usage of Social TV applications. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 255-262.
LaRose, R., & Eastin, M. S. (2004). A social cognitive theory of Internet uses and gratifications: Toward a new model of media attendance. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 48, 358–377.
Lee, Y., Atkin, D, & Christensen, J. (2019). Why they post: Social capital needs on social networking sites. Journal of Communication and Media Studies, 11, 8-24.
Levenson, H. (1974). Activism and powerful others: Distinctions within the concept of internal-external control. Journal of Personality Assessment, 38, 377-83.
Lin, C. A. (2004). Webcasting adoption: technology fluidity, user innovativeness, and media substitution. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(3), 157-178.
Lin, C. A. (2006). Predicting webcasting adoption via personal innovativeness and perceived utilities. Journal of Advertising Research, 46(2), 228-238.
Lin, C., Atkin, D., Cappotto, C., Davis, C., Dean, J., Eisenbaum, J…Vidican, S. (2015). Ethnicity, the digital divide and uses of the Internet for health information. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 216-223.
Lu, J., Yao, J.E., & Yu, C.-S. (2005). Personal innovativeness, social influences and adoption of wireless Internet services via mobile technology. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 14 (3), 245-268.
MacMillan, G. (2015, Sep. 29). People on Twitter love television, often have two screens going as they watch, and are influencers on all things TV-related. Retrieved March 15, 2019 from https://marketing.twitter.com/na/en/insights/8-reasons-why-twitter-is-the-home-of-tv-conversation.html
Mate, S., & Curcio, I. D. D. (2009). Mobile and interactive social television. IEEE Communications Magazine, 47(12), 116-122.
McKenna, K.Y.A., Green, A.S., & Gleason, M.E.J. (2002). Relationship formation on the Internet: What’s the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58, 9-31.
Nabi, R., Finnerty, K., Stitt, C., Halford, J., & Quintero, A. (2004). A comparison of cognitive and emotional predictors of the enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming. Conference Papers -- International Communication Association,1.
Nabi, R. L., Stitt, C. R., Halford, J., & Finnerty, K. L. (2006). Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective. Media Psychology, 8(4), 421-447.
Nee, R.C. (2013). Social TV and the 2012 election: Exploring political outcomes of multiscreen media usages. Electronic News, 7 (4), 171-188.
Nielsen (2013). The future of TV is social. http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2013/the-future-of-tv-is-social.html
Nielsen (2017). Tips of 2017: Television and social media. https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2017/tops-of-2017-television-and-social-media.html
Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(37), 15583-15587.
Pagani, M., & Mirabello, A. (2011). The influence of personal and social-interactive engagement in Social TV web sites. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(2), 41-68.
Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 175-196.
Pew Internet (2018). Social media fact sheet. (2018, February 2). Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/social-media/
Raacke, J., & Bonds-Raacke, J. (2008). MySpace and Facebook: Applying the uses and gratifications theory to exploring friend-networking sites. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 169–174.
Raney, A., & Ji, Q. (2017). Entertaining each other. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 424-435.
Rosengren, K. E. (1974). Uses and gratifications: A paradigm outlined. The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research, 3, 269-286.
Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st Century. Mass Communication & Society, 3(1), 3-37.
Schirra, S., Sun, H., & Bentley, F. (2014, April). Together alone: Motivations for live-tweeting a television series. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2441-2450). ACM.
Sherry, J. L. (2004). Flow and media enjoyment. Communication Theory, 14(4), 328-347.
Sun, T., Youn, S., Wu, G., & Kuntaraporn M. (2006). Online Word-of-Mouth (or Mouse): An Exploration of Its Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,11, 1104-1127. Doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00310.x.
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer‐mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time. Human communication research, 28(3), 317-348.
Trammell, K. D. (2006). Blog offensive: An exploratory analysis of attacks published on campaign blog posts from a political public relations perspective. Public Relations Review, 32(4), 402-406.
Verkasalo, H., López-Nicolás, C., Molina-Castillo, F. J., & Bouwman, H. (2010). Analysis of users and non-users of smartphone applications. Telematics and Informatics, 27(3), 242-255.
Wober, M., & Gunter, B. (1986). Television audience research at Britain's Independent Broadcasting Authority: 1974-1984. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 30(1), 15-31.
Wu, T.Y. & Atkin, D. (2017). Online news comments: Exploring the role of user personality, self-efficacy, and motivations. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 94 (1), 61-80.
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2020-05-29
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