“Oh, Snap!”: A Mixed-Methods Approach to Analyzing the Dark Side of Snapchat
Keywords:
Snapchat, mixed-methods, ephemeral content, mental health, romantic relationshipsAbstract
Snapchat, a multimedia messaging application, has over 300 million users and is currently the third most popular social media platform for young adults. Despite its popularity and unique ephemeral content, few studies examine how Snapchat is related to mental and relational health. The goal of this study therefore is to employ a mixed-methods approach to examine the dark side of Snapchat, paying close attention to how the behaviors and ephemeral content on this platform may be detrimental for young adults’ mental health and the quality of their romantic relationships. Quantitative data comes from 118 undergraduate students who completed an online survey. Qualitative data comes from 10 undergraduate students who participated in one-on-one, in-depth interviews and another 11 students who participated in two focus groups. Results reveal that intensity of Snapchat use is associated with lower mental health. Additionally, spending time on Snapchat, communicating with others on Snapchat, monitoring ex-partners on Snapchat, and using the Snap Map feature are associated with increased jealousy in romantic relationships. In short, Snapchat appears detrimental for young adults’ mental health and romantic relationships. The study concludes with practical advice for Snapchat users that may promote mental well-being and healthy romantic relationship development.
References
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Charteris, J., Gregory, S., & Masters, Y. (2014). Snapchat ‘selfies’: The case of disappearing data. Rhetoric and Reality: Critical perspectives on educational technology, 30, 389-393.
Choi, M., & Toma, C. L. (2017). Social sharing with friends and family after romantic breakups. Journal of Media Psychology, 29, 266-172.
Clayton, R. B. (2014). The third wheel: The impact of Twitter use on relationship infidelity and divorce. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17, 425-430.
Clayton, R. B., Nagurney, A., & Smith, J. R. (2013). Cheating, breakup, and divorce: Is Facebook use to blame?. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 717-720.
Cole, A., Leonard, M. T., & McAuslan, P. (2018). Social media and couples: What are the important factors for understanding relationship satisfaction?. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21, 582-586.
Cravens, J. D., Leckie, K. R., & Whiting, J. B. (2013). Facebook infidelity: When poking becomes problematic. Contemporary Family Therapy, 35, 74-90.
Creswell, J. W. & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
DeGroot, J. M., & Vik, T. A. (2017). “We were not prepared to tell people yet”: Confidentiality breaches and boundary turbulence on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 351-359.
Drouin, M., Miller, D. A., & Dibble, J. L. (2014). Ignore your partners’ current Facebook friends; beware the ones they add!. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 483-488.
Elphinston, R. A., & Noller, P. (2011). Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 631-635.
Emery, L. F., Muise, A., Alpert, E., & Le, B. (2015). Do we look happy? Perceptions of romantic relationship quality on Facebook. Personal Relationships, 22, 1-7.
Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., & Thomas, G. (2000). The measurement of perceived relationship quality components: A confirmatory factor analytic approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 340-354.
Fox, J., & Anderegg, C. (2014). Romantic relationship stages and social networking sites: uncertainty reduction strategies and perceived relational norms on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17, 685-691.
Fox, J., & Moreland, J. J. (2015). The dark side of social networking sites: An exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 168-176.
Fox, J., Osborn, J. L., & Warber, K. M. (2014). Relational dialectics and social networking sites: The role of Facebook in romantic relationship escalation, maintenance, conflict, and dissolution. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 527-534.
Fox, J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2015). Romantic partner monitoring after breakups: Attachment, dependence, distress, and post-dissolution online surveillance via social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18, 491-498.
Fox, J., & Warber, K. M. (2013). Romantic relationship development in the age of Facebook: An exploratory study of emerging adults' perceptions, motives, and behaviors. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 3-7.
Fox, J., Warber, K. M., & Makstaller, D. C. (2013). The role of Facebook in romantic relationship development: An exploration of Knapp’s relational stage model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30, 771-794.
Fox, J., & Warber, K. M. (2014). Social networking sites in romantic relationships: Attachment, uncertainty, and partner surveillance on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17, 3-7.
Frampton, J. R., & Fox, J. (2018). Social media’s role in romantic partners’ retroactive jealousy: Social comparison, uncertainty, and information seeking. Social Media+ Society, 4, 2056305118800317.
Ginsberg, D., & Burke, M. (2017, December 15). Hard questions: Is spending time on social media bad for us? Facebook Newsroom. Retrieved from https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/12/hard-questions-is-spending-time-on-social-media-bad-for-us/
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Haimson, O. L., Andalibi, N., De Choudhury, M., & Hayes, G. R. (2018). Relationship breakup disclosures and media ideologies on Facebook. New Media & Society, 20, 1931-1952.
Hand, M. M., Thomas, D., Buboltz, W. C., Deemer, E. D., & Buyanjargal, M. (2013). Facebook and romantic relationships: Intimacy and couple satisfaction associated with online social network use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 8-13.
Handyside, S., & Ringrose, J. (2017). Snapchat memory and youth digital sexual cultures: mediated temporality, duration and affect. Journal of Gender Studies, 26, 347-360.
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239. doi: 10.1348/014466505X29657
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Jeong, D. C., & Lee, J. (2017). Snap back to reality: Examining the cognitive mechanisms underlying Snapchat. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 274-281.
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., … Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLoS ONE, 8.
Langlais, M. R., Seidman, G., & Bruxvoort, K. M. (2018). Adolescent romantic relationship-oriented Facebook behaviors: Implications for self-esteem. Youth & Society, 1, 1-23.
LeFebvre, L., Blackburn, K., & Brody, N. (2015). Navigating romantic relationships on Facebook: Extending the relationship dissolution model to social networking environments. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32, 78-98.
Lemay, D. J., Doleck, T., & Bazelais, P. (2017). “Passion and concern for privacy” as factors affecting snapchat use: A situated perspective on technology acceptance. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 264-271.
Lukacs, V., & Quan-Haase, A. (2015). Romantic breakups on Facebook: new scales for studying post-breakup behaviors, digital distress, and surveillance. Information, Communication & Society, 18, 492-508.
Makki, T. W., DeCook, J. R., Kadylak, T., & Lee, O. J. (2018). The social value of Snapchat: An exploration of affiliation motivation, the Technology Acceptance Model, and relational maintenance in Snapchat use. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 34, 410-420.
Manvelyan, C. (2016). Pics or it didn’t happen: Relationship satisfaction and its effects on Instagram use. Colloquy, 12, 87-100.
Marshall, T. C., Bejanyan, K., Di Castro, G., & Lee, R. A. (2013). Attachment styles as predictors of Facebook‐related jealousy and surveillance in romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 20, 1-22.
McDaniel, B. T., Drouin, M., & Cravens, J. D. (2017). Do you have anything to hide? Infidelity-related behaviors on social media sites and marital satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 88-95.
Mod, G. B. (2010). Reading romance: The impact Facebook rituals can have on a romantic relationship. Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology & Sociology, 1, 61-77.
Moran, J. B., Salerno, K. J., & Wade, T. J. (2018). Snapchat as a new tool for sexual. access: Are there sex differences?. Personality and Individual Differences, 129, 12-16.
Muise, A., Christofides, E., & Desmarais, S. (2009). More information than you ever wanted: Does Facebook bring out the green-eyed monster of jealousy?. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12, 441-444.
Nongpong, S., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). I don’t care much as long as I am also on Facebook: Impacts of social media use of both partners on romantic relationship problems. The Family Journal, 24, 351–358. doi: 10.1177/1066480716663199
Phua, J., Jin, S. V., & Kim, J. J. (2017). Uses and gratifications of social networking sites for bridging and bonding social capital: A comparison of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 115-122.
Piwek, L., & Joinson, A. (2016). “What do they snapchat about?” Patterns of use in time-limited instant messaging service. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 358–367. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.026
Poltash, N. A. (2013). Snapchat and sexting: A snapshot of baring your bare essentials. Richmond Journal of Law and Technology, 19, 1-25.
Punyanunt-Carter, N. M., De La Cruz, J. J., & Wrench, J. S. (2017). Investigating the relationships among college students’ satisfaction, addiction, needs, communication apprehension, motives, and uses & gratifications with Snapchat. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 870-875.
Roesner, F., Gill, B. T., & Kohno, T. (2014, March). Sex, lies, or kittens? Investigating the use of Snapchat’s self-destructing messages. In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (pp. 64-76). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Royal Society for Public Health. (2017). #Statusofmind. Retrieved from https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/campaigns/status-of-mind.html
Rusbult, C. E., & Buunk, B. P. (1993). Commitment processes in close relationships: An interdependence analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 175–204.
Salehan, M., & Negahban, A. (2013). Social networking on smartphones: When mobile phones become addictive. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2632–2639. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.003
Saslow, L. R., Muise, A., Impett, E. A., & Dubin, M. (2013). Can you see how happy we are? Facebook images and relationship satisfaction. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 411-418.
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