The Influence of Personality Factors and Motives on Photographic Communication
Keywords:
photo messaging, photo sharing, personality traits, uses and gratifications, social media, NEO-PI-RAbstract
This study examined photographic communication within the uses and gratifications framework. Several personality factors were tested as predictors of motives for communicating via photographs. Memory, relationship maintenance, self-expression and relationship formation motives positively predicted photographic communication. Extraversion positively predicted most photo messaging use motives, while Neuroticism was a negative predictor of photo messaging use. The remaining three personality predictors, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness also provided significant findings.
References
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Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Wainpel, G., & Fox, S. (2002). On the Internet no one knows I’m an introvert: Extraversion, introversion, and Internet interaction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(2), 125–128.
Burke, M., Marlow, C., & Lento, T. (2009, April). Feed me: Motivating newcomer contribution in social network sites. Paper presented to the annual conference for Human Factors in Computing Systems, Boston, MA.
Butt, S., & Phillips, J.G. (2008). Personality and self-reported mobile phone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 346-360.
Caplan, S.E., Perse, E.M., & Gennaria, J.E. (2007). Computer-mediated technology and social interaction. In C.A. Lin & D.J. Atkin (Eds.), Communication Technology and Social Change: Theory and Implications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Correa, T. Hinsley, A., & de Zuniga, H.G., (2010). Who interacts on the Web? The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 247-253.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1990). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 362-371.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992a). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the NEO Five-Factor inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.
Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992b). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Cox, B. D. (2010). Differential functioning by high and low impression management groups on a Big Five Applicant Screening Tool (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://etd.auburn.edu/etd/handle/10415/2050
Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.
Davis, F. D., & Venkatesh, V. (1996). A critical assessment of potential measurement biases in the technology acceptance model: three experiments. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 45, 19-45.
DeAndrea, D.C., Shaw, A. S., & Levine, T.R. (2010). Online language: the role of culture in self-expression and self-construal on Facebook. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(4), 425-442.
Digman, J.M., & Inouye, J. (1986). Further specification of the five robust factors of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 116-123.
Douglas, W. (1990). Uncertainty, Information-seeking, and Liking During Initial Interaction. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54, 66-81.
Duck, S. (1999). Relating to Others (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
Duggan, M. (2013). Photo and Video Sharing Grow Online. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/~/media/Files/Reports/2013/PIP_Photos%20and%20videos%20online_102813.pdf
Elliott, G. R., & Sapp, G. L. (1988). The relationship between the Myers-Briggs type indicator and the Grasha-Riechmann student learning styles questionnaire. Journal of Psychological Type, 14, 46-50.
Ellison, N., Heino, R., & Gibbs, J. (2006). Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), article 2. Retrieved from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue2/ellison.html.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook ‘‘friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168.
Eysenck, H.J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In L.A. Pervin (ed.), Handbook of Personality (pp. 244–76). New York: Guilford Press.
Finn, S. (1997). Origins of media exposure. Communication Research, 24(5), 507-529.
Fourqurean, J., Meisgeier, C., & Swank, P. (1990). The link between learning style and Jungian psychological type: A finding of type bipolar preference dimensions. Journal of Experimental Education, 58(3), 225-237.
Gill, A. Nowson, S. & Oberlander, J. (2009). What are they blogging about? Retrieved from http://nowson.com/papers/GillNowOber-ICWSM09.pdf.
Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 2. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Gonzales, A.L. & Hancock, J.T. (2008). Identity shift in computer-mediated environments. Media Psychology, 11, 167-185.
Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (1998). Trust, mood, and the outcomes of friendship determine preferences for real versus ersatz social capital. Political Psychology, 19, 527-544.
Hunt, D.S., Atkin, D.J., & Krishnan, A. (2012). The influence of computer-mediated communication apprehension on motives for Facebook use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(2).
Hunt, D.S., Lin, C.A., & Atkin, D.J. (2014a). Communication social relationships via the use of photo-messaging. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 58(2), 234-252.
Hunt, D.S., Lin, C.A., & Atkin, D.J. (2014b). Photo-messaging: Adopter attributes, technology factors and use motives. Computers in Human Behavior, 40, 171-179.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford.
Johnson, J. L., & Bloom. A. M. (1995). An analysis of the contribution of the five factors of personality on variance in academic procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 127-133.
Katz, E., Blumler, J., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. Blumler, & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: current perspectives (pp. 19-32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Kellerman, K. (1986). Anticipation of future interaction and information exchange in initial interaction. Human Communication Research, 33(1), 41-75.
Kindberg, T., Spasojevic, M., Fleck, R., & Sellen, A. (2005). An in-depth study of camera phone use. Pervasive Computing, 4(2), 42-50.
Krcmar, M., & Kean, L.G. (2005). Uses and gratifications of media violence: personality correlates of viewing and liking violent genres. Media Psychology, 7, 399-420.
Langstedt, E. (2013). An examination of the role of the communicator on gratifications attained on social networking sites. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 2(1), 126-144.
Lenhart, A., Ling, R., Campbell, S., & Purcell, K. (2010). Teens and mobile phones: text messaging explodes as teens embrace it as the centerpiece of their communication strategies with friends. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones.aspx
Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Teens, privacy & online social networks: How teens manage their online identities and personal information in the age of MySpace. Pew Internet &American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2007/Teens-Privacy-and-Online-Social-Networks.aspx
LePine, J. A., Colquitt, J. A., & Erez, A. (2000). Adaptability to changing task contexts: Effects of general cognitive ability, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Personnel Psychology, 53, 563-594.
McCrae, R. R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1258-1265.
McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90.
Mendelson, A., & Papacharissi, Z. (2010). Look at us: Collective narcissism in college student Facebook photo galleries. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), The networked self: Identity, community and culture on social network sites. London: Routledge.
Oeldorf-Hirsch, A., & Sundar, S.S. (2010, June). Online photo sharing as mediated communication. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, Singapore.
Papacharissi, Z. (2008). Uses and gratifications. In D.W. Stacks & M.B. Salwen (Eds.), An Integrated approach to communication theory and research (2nd ed., pp.137-152). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Papacharissi, Z., & Mendelson, A. (2011). Toward a new(er) sociability: Uses, gratifications and social capital on Facebook. In S. Papathanassopoulos (Ed.), Media perspectives for the 21st century (pp. 212–230). London: Routledge.
Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 175-196.
Park, N. (2010). Adoption and use of computer-based voice over Internet protocol phone service: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Communication, 60, 40-72.
Peabody, D., & de Raad, B. (2002). The substantive nature of psycholexical personality factors: A comparison across languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 983–997.
Phillips, D. (2008). The psychology of social media. Journal of New Communications Research, 3(1), 79-85.
Roberts, B. W., Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S. E., & Goldberg, L. R. (2005). The structure of conscientiousness: An empirical investigation based on seven major personality questionnaires. Personnel Psychology, 58, 103–139.
Ross, C., Orr, E.S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J.M., Simmering, M. J., & Orr, R. R. (2010). Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 578-586.
Rubin, A.M. (2002). The uses-and-gratifications perspective of media effects. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: advances in theory and research (pp. 525-582). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ruggiero, T.E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication and Society, 3(1), 3-37.
Schlenker, B.R. (2003). Self-presentation. In M.R. Leary & J.P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Sheldon, P. (2008). Student favorite: Facebook & motives for its use. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, 23, 39-55.
Stafford, L., Kline, S. L. & Dimmick, J. (1999). Home e-mail: Relational maintenance and gratification opportunities. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(4), 659-669.
Stefanone, M.A., & Jang, C. (2008). Writing for friends and family: the interpersonal nature of blogs. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 123-140.
Swickert, R. J., Rosentreter, C. J., Hittner, J. B., & Mushrush, J. E. (2002). Extraversion, social support processes, and stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 877–891.
Valkenburg, P.M., Schouten, A.P., & Peter, J. (2005). Adolescents identity experiments on the Internet. New Media & Society, 7(3), 383-402.
Van Dijck., J. (2008). Digital photography: communication, identity, memory. Visual Communication, 7(1), 57 -76.
Van House, N.A. (2007, April). Flickr and public-image sharing: distant closeness and photo exhibition. Paper presented to the annual conference for Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, CA.
Van House, N.A., & Davis, M. (2005). The social life of cameraphone images. Presented at the Seventh International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing in Tokyo, Japan.
Van House, N.A., Davis, M., Ames, M., Finn, M., & Viswanathan, V. (2005, April). The uses of personal networked digital imaging: an empirical study of cameraphone photos and sharing. CHI ‘05 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 767-794). San Diego: Academic Press.
Weaver J. B. III (1991). Exploring the links between personality and media preferences. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1293-1299.
Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J., Clarkin, J. F., Sanderson, C., & Costa, P. T. (2002). A description of the DSM-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model of personality. In P. T. Costa and T. A. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disordersand the five factor model of personality (2nd ed., pp. 89-99). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Wyatt, K. & Phillips, J. G., (2005). Internet use and misuse in the workplace. Proceedings of OZCHI 2005, 25, 23-25.
Zhou, T., & Lu, Y. (2011). The effects of personality traits on user acceptance of mobile commerce. International Journal of Computer-Human Interaction, 27(6), 545-561.
Zywica, J., & Danowski, J. (2008). The faces of Facebookers: Investigating social enhancement and social compensation hypotheses; predicting Facebook and offline popularity from sociability and self-esteem, and mapping the meanings of popularity with semantic networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 1-34.
Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Wainpel, G., & Fox, S. (2002). On the Internet no one knows I’m an introvert: Extraversion, introversion, and Internet interaction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(2), 125–128.
Burke, M., Marlow, C., & Lento, T. (2009, April). Feed me: Motivating newcomer contribution in social network sites. Paper presented to the annual conference for Human Factors in Computing Systems, Boston, MA.
Butt, S., & Phillips, J.G. (2008). Personality and self-reported mobile phone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 346-360.
Caplan, S.E., Perse, E.M., & Gennaria, J.E. (2007). Computer-mediated technology and social interaction. In C.A. Lin & D.J. Atkin (Eds.), Communication Technology and Social Change: Theory and Implications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Correa, T. Hinsley, A., & de Zuniga, H.G., (2010). Who interacts on the Web? The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 247-253.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1990). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 362-371.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992a). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the NEO Five-Factor inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.
Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992b). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Cox, B. D. (2010). Differential functioning by high and low impression management groups on a Big Five Applicant Screening Tool (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://etd.auburn.edu/etd/handle/10415/2050
Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.
Davis, F. D., & Venkatesh, V. (1996). A critical assessment of potential measurement biases in the technology acceptance model: three experiments. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 45, 19-45.
DeAndrea, D.C., Shaw, A. S., & Levine, T.R. (2010). Online language: the role of culture in self-expression and self-construal on Facebook. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(4), 425-442.
Digman, J.M., & Inouye, J. (1986). Further specification of the five robust factors of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 116-123.
Douglas, W. (1990). Uncertainty, Information-seeking, and Liking During Initial Interaction. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54, 66-81.
Duck, S. (1999). Relating to Others (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
Duggan, M. (2013). Photo and Video Sharing Grow Online. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/~/media/Files/Reports/2013/PIP_Photos%20and%20videos%20online_102813.pdf
Elliott, G. R., & Sapp, G. L. (1988). The relationship between the Myers-Briggs type indicator and the Grasha-Riechmann student learning styles questionnaire. Journal of Psychological Type, 14, 46-50.
Ellison, N., Heino, R., & Gibbs, J. (2006). Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), article 2. Retrieved from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue2/ellison.html.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook ‘‘friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168.
Eysenck, H.J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In L.A. Pervin (ed.), Handbook of Personality (pp. 244–76). New York: Guilford Press.
Finn, S. (1997). Origins of media exposure. Communication Research, 24(5), 507-529.
Fourqurean, J., Meisgeier, C., & Swank, P. (1990). The link between learning style and Jungian psychological type: A finding of type bipolar preference dimensions. Journal of Experimental Education, 58(3), 225-237.
Gill, A. Nowson, S. & Oberlander, J. (2009). What are they blogging about? Retrieved from http://nowson.com/papers/GillNowOber-ICWSM09.pdf.
Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 2. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Gonzales, A.L. & Hancock, J.T. (2008). Identity shift in computer-mediated environments. Media Psychology, 11, 167-185.
Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (1998). Trust, mood, and the outcomes of friendship determine preferences for real versus ersatz social capital. Political Psychology, 19, 527-544.
Hunt, D.S., Atkin, D.J., & Krishnan, A. (2012). The influence of computer-mediated communication apprehension on motives for Facebook use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(2).
Hunt, D.S., Lin, C.A., & Atkin, D.J. (2014a). Communication social relationships via the use of photo-messaging. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 58(2), 234-252.
Hunt, D.S., Lin, C.A., & Atkin, D.J. (2014b). Photo-messaging: Adopter attributes, technology factors and use motives. Computers in Human Behavior, 40, 171-179.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford.
Johnson, J. L., & Bloom. A. M. (1995). An analysis of the contribution of the five factors of personality on variance in academic procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 127-133.
Katz, E., Blumler, J., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. Blumler, & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: current perspectives (pp. 19-32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Kellerman, K. (1986). Anticipation of future interaction and information exchange in initial interaction. Human Communication Research, 33(1), 41-75.
Kindberg, T., Spasojevic, M., Fleck, R., & Sellen, A. (2005). An in-depth study of camera phone use. Pervasive Computing, 4(2), 42-50.
Krcmar, M., & Kean, L.G. (2005). Uses and gratifications of media violence: personality correlates of viewing and liking violent genres. Media Psychology, 7, 399-420.
Langstedt, E. (2013). An examination of the role of the communicator on gratifications attained on social networking sites. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 2(1), 126-144.
Lenhart, A., Ling, R., Campbell, S., & Purcell, K. (2010). Teens and mobile phones: text messaging explodes as teens embrace it as the centerpiece of their communication strategies with friends. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones.aspx
Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Teens, privacy & online social networks: How teens manage their online identities and personal information in the age of MySpace. Pew Internet &American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2007/Teens-Privacy-and-Online-Social-Networks.aspx
LePine, J. A., Colquitt, J. A., & Erez, A. (2000). Adaptability to changing task contexts: Effects of general cognitive ability, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Personnel Psychology, 53, 563-594.
McCrae, R. R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1258-1265.
McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90.
Mendelson, A., & Papacharissi, Z. (2010). Look at us: Collective narcissism in college student Facebook photo galleries. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), The networked self: Identity, community and culture on social network sites. London: Routledge.
Oeldorf-Hirsch, A., & Sundar, S.S. (2010, June). Online photo sharing as mediated communication. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, Singapore.
Papacharissi, Z. (2008). Uses and gratifications. In D.W. Stacks & M.B. Salwen (Eds.), An Integrated approach to communication theory and research (2nd ed., pp.137-152). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Papacharissi, Z., & Mendelson, A. (2011). Toward a new(er) sociability: Uses, gratifications and social capital on Facebook. In S. Papathanassopoulos (Ed.), Media perspectives for the 21st century (pp. 212–230). London: Routledge.
Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 175-196.
Park, N. (2010). Adoption and use of computer-based voice over Internet protocol phone service: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Communication, 60, 40-72.
Peabody, D., & de Raad, B. (2002). The substantive nature of psycholexical personality factors: A comparison across languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 983–997.
Phillips, D. (2008). The psychology of social media. Journal of New Communications Research, 3(1), 79-85.
Roberts, B. W., Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S. E., & Goldberg, L. R. (2005). The structure of conscientiousness: An empirical investigation based on seven major personality questionnaires. Personnel Psychology, 58, 103–139.
Ross, C., Orr, E.S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J.M., Simmering, M. J., & Orr, R. R. (2010). Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 578-586.
Rubin, A.M. (2002). The uses-and-gratifications perspective of media effects. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: advances in theory and research (pp. 525-582). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ruggiero, T.E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication and Society, 3(1), 3-37.
Schlenker, B.R. (2003). Self-presentation. In M.R. Leary & J.P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Sheldon, P. (2008). Student favorite: Facebook & motives for its use. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, 23, 39-55.
Stafford, L., Kline, S. L. & Dimmick, J. (1999). Home e-mail: Relational maintenance and gratification opportunities. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(4), 659-669.
Stefanone, M.A., & Jang, C. (2008). Writing for friends and family: the interpersonal nature of blogs. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 123-140.
Swickert, R. J., Rosentreter, C. J., Hittner, J. B., & Mushrush, J. E. (2002). Extraversion, social support processes, and stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 877–891.
Valkenburg, P.M., Schouten, A.P., & Peter, J. (2005). Adolescents identity experiments on the Internet. New Media & Society, 7(3), 383-402.
Van Dijck., J. (2008). Digital photography: communication, identity, memory. Visual Communication, 7(1), 57 -76.
Van House, N.A. (2007, April). Flickr and public-image sharing: distant closeness and photo exhibition. Paper presented to the annual conference for Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, CA.
Van House, N.A., & Davis, M. (2005). The social life of cameraphone images. Presented at the Seventh International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing in Tokyo, Japan.
Van House, N.A., Davis, M., Ames, M., Finn, M., & Viswanathan, V. (2005, April). The uses of personal networked digital imaging: an empirical study of cameraphone photos and sharing. CHI ‘05 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 767-794). San Diego: Academic Press.
Weaver J. B. III (1991). Exploring the links between personality and media preferences. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1293-1299.
Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J., Clarkin, J. F., Sanderson, C., & Costa, P. T. (2002). A description of the DSM-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model of personality. In P. T. Costa and T. A. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disordersand the five factor model of personality (2nd ed., pp. 89-99). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Wyatt, K. & Phillips, J. G., (2005). Internet use and misuse in the workplace. Proceedings of OZCHI 2005, 25, 23-25.
Zhou, T., & Lu, Y. (2011). The effects of personality traits on user acceptance of mobile commerce. International Journal of Computer-Human Interaction, 27(6), 545-561.
Zywica, J., & Danowski, J. (2008). The faces of Facebookers: Investigating social enhancement and social compensation hypotheses; predicting Facebook and offline popularity from sociability and self-esteem, and mapping the meanings of popularity with semantic networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 1-34.
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