#BodyIssue:

An Analysis of the Conversation Surrounding the 2016 and 2017 ESPN’s Body Issue Men Athletes on Instagram

Authors

  • Paige Coyne University of Windsor
  • Sara Santarossa University of Windsor
  • Erin Dufour University of Windsor
  • Craig G Greenham University of Windsor
  • Sarah J Woodruff University of Windsor

Keywords:

Hegemonic Masculinity, Body Issue, Men Athletes, Instagram, Comments

Abstract

Purpose: This study examined the conversation surrounding ESPN’s 2016 and 2017 Body Issue men athletes on Instagram (i.e., posts tagged #BodyIssue) to determine if the conversation was reinforcing or subverting traditional notions of hegemonic masculinity. Methods: For 7 days following the release of each issue, #BodyIssue posts were collected using Netlytic. Text and content category analyses were conducted on all records (i.e., comments), with 13,920 captured. Results: More records were categorized as ‘hegemonic masculinity’ compared to ‘non-hegemonic masculinity’, with variability between athletes reported. Conclusions: Thus, the online conversation generally supported traditional characteristics of hegemonic masculinity and Instagram users appeared to often identify hegemonic masculinity characteristics of the featured athletes, even though some athletes subverted hegemonic masculinity norms because of their race, gender, or status.

References

Anderson, E., & Travers, A. (Eds.). (2017). Transgender athletes in competitive sport. Taylor & Francis.

Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1981). Conceptual approaches to stereotypes and stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 1-35).

Baker, S. A., & Walsh, M. J. (2018). ‘Good Morning Fitfam’: Top posts, hashtags and gender display on Instagram. New Media & Society, 20(12), 4553-4570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818777514

Banister, L. (2017). Sporting bodies: The rhetorics of professional female athletes (Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University).

Bowles, J. (2016). Instagram: A visual view of the southeastern conference. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 10(4), 227-240.

Butterworth, M. L. (2006). Pitchers and catchers: Mike Piazza and the discourse of gay identity in the national pastime. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 30(2), 138-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723506286757

Carroll, T. (2019). Is ESPN’s Last “Body Issue” the End of a Golden Age for Magazine Special Editions? https://www.insidehook.com/article/sports/is-espns-last-body-%20issue-the-end-of-a-golden-age-for-magazine-special-editions

Connell, R. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person, and sexual politics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829-859.

Cucu, E. (2022). 2022 Social Media Industry Benchmarks. Retrieved from https://www.socialinsider.io/blog/social-media-industry-benchmarks/#keyinsights

Drummond, M. J. (2002). Sport and images of masculinity: The meaning of relationships in the life course of “elite” male athletes. Journal of Men’s Studies, 10(2), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1002.129

Gillig, T. K., Rosenthal, E. L., Murphy, S. T., & Folb, K. L. (2018). More than a media moment: The influence of televised storylines on viewers’ attitudes toward transgender people and policies. Sex Roles, 78(7-8), 515-527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0816-1

Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, New York: International Publishers.

Greenleaf, C., & Petrie, T. A. (2013). Studying the athletic body. In Gender relations in sport (pp. 119-140). Brill Sense.

Gruzd, A. (2016). Netlytic: Software for automated text and social network analysis. Retrieved from http://Netlytic.org

Instagram. (2020). What is Instagram? Retrieved from https://help.instagram.com/424737657584573

Jarvis, M. (2006). Sport psychology: A student's handbook. New York, NY: Routledge.

Kassing, J. W., & Sanderson, J. (2015). Playing in the new media game or riding the virtual bench: Confirming and disconfirming membership in the community of sport. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 39(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723512458931

Komar, M. (2016, July 6). Comparing the first ‘ESPN’ Magazine Body Issue with 2016’s makes a point about diversity. https://www.bustle.com/articles/170716-comparing-the-first-espn-magazine-body-issue-with-2016s-makes-apoint-about- diversity

Lalor, T., & Rendle-Short, J. (2007). ‘That's so gay’: A contemporary use of gay in Australian English. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 27(2), 147-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/07268600701522764

Lapchick, R. (2017). MLB race and gender report card shows progress still needed. https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/19185242/mlb-race-gender-report-card-shows-progress-needed

Lapchick, R. (2019). NBA's racial and gender report card. https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/26995581/nba-racial-gender-report-card

Lebel, K., & Danylchuk, K. (2019). The power of social media. Routledge Handbook of Tennis: History, Culture and Politics, New York, NY: Routledge

MacDonald, C. A. (2014). Masculinity and sport revisited: A review of literature on hegemonic masculinity and men's ice hockey in Canada. Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology, 3(1), 95-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc-rcessc.v3i1.74

Meraz, S. (2009). Is there an elite hold? Traditional media to social media agenda setting influence in blog networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(3), 682-707. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01458.x

Messner, M. A. (1992). Power at play: Sports and the problem of masculinity. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Miller, B., & Behm-Morawitz, E. (2016). “Masculine Guys Only”: The effects of femmephobic mobile dating application profiles on partner selection for men who have sex with men. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.088

Mitchell, F. R., Santarossa, S., & Woodruff, S. J. (2018). Athletes as advocates: Influencing eating-disorder beliefs and perceptions through social media. International Journal of Sport Communication, 11(4), 433-446. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0112

Pegoraro, A., Comeau, G. S., & Frederick, E. L. (2018). #SheBelieves: The use of Instagram to frame the US Women’s Soccer Team during# FIFAWWC. Sport in Society, 21(7), 1063- 1077. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1310198

Pope, H., Pope, H. G., Phillips, K. A., & Olivardia, R. (2000). The Adonis complex: The secret crisis of male body obsession. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

Sanderson, J. (2011). It’s a whole new ballgame: How social media is changing sports., New York, NY: Hampton Press

Santarossa, S., Coyne, P., Greenham, C., Milne, M., & Woodruff, S. (2019). ESPN’s #BodyIssue on Instagram: The self-presentation of women athletes and feedback from their audience of women. Journal of Student Research, 8(2), 30-40. https://doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v8i2.818

Santarossa, S., Coyne, P., Woodruff, S. J., & Greenham, C. G. (2019). # BodyIssue and Instagram: A gender disparity in conversation, coverage, and content in ESPN the magazine. International Journal of Sport Communication, 12(3), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0159

Sartore, M. L., & Cunningham, G. B. (2009). Gender, sexual prejudice and sport participation: Implications for sexual minorities. Sex Roles, 60(1-2), 100-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9502-7

Smallwood, R. R., Brown, N. A., & Billings, A. C. (2014). Female bodies on display: Attitudes regarding female athlete photos in Sports Illustrated's Swimsuit Issue and ESPN: The Magazine's Body Issue. Journal of Sports Media, 9(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsm.2014.0005

Smith, L. R., & Sanderson, J. (2015). I'm going to Instagram it! An analysis of athlete self-presentation on Instagram. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(2), 342-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1029125

Solomon, H. E., & Kurtz-Costes, B. (2018). Media’s influence on perceptions of trans women. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15(1), 34-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0280-2

Steele, L. (2016). Chris Mosier on making history as first trans member of team USA. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-sports/chris-mosier-on-making-history-as-first-trans-member-of-team-usa-250971/

Watkins, B., & Lee, J. W. (2016). Communicating brand identity on social media: A case study of the use of Instagram and Twitter for collegiate athletic branding. International Journal of Sport Communication, 9(4), 476-498. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSC.2016-0073

Weaving, C., & Samson, J. (2018). The naked truth: Disability, sexual objectification, and the ESPN Body Issue. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 45(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2018.1427592

Downloads

Published

2022-05-26