Extending social penetration theory to Facebook
Keywords:
Facebook, Friendship, Lapsed Ties, Self-Disclosure, Social Penetration TheoryAbstract
With the multimodal nature of relationships today it is important to assess the extension of core interpersonal theories within online contexts. This research considers Social Penetration Theory’s (SPT) applicability in a digital age through the use of self-reported survey and content analyzed data on friendships maintained through Facebook (N = 103). The results suggest communication through Facebook, as illustrated on the Friendship Page, can be used to identify relationship stages consistent with SPT. Also discussed are the maintenance of lapsed ties as contradictory to SPT’s depenetration process. Implications of results both in terms of theory and practice are discussed.
References
Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Bryant, E. M., Marmo, J., & Ramirez, Jr., A. (2011). A functional approach to social networking sites. In K. B. Wright & L. M. Webb (Eds.) Computer-mediated communication in personal relationships (pp. 3-20). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.
Burke, M., & Kraut, R. (2014). Growing closer on Facebook: Changes in tie strength through social network site use. Paper presented at the CHI Conference, Toronto, Canada.
Caughlin, J. P., & Sharabi, L. L. (2013). A communicative interdependence perspective of close relationships: The connections between mediated and unmediated interactions matter. Journal of Communication, 63(5), 873-8983. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12046
Constine, J. (2012, November 8). See everything you’ve ever shared with someone on Facebook’s redesigned friendship pages. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/08/facebook-friendship-pages/
Craig, E., & Wright, K. B. (2012). Computer-mediated relational development and maintenance on Facebook. Communication Research Reports, 29(2), 119-129. doi: 10.1080/08824096.2012.667777
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2011). Connection strategies: Social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices. New Media & Society, 13, 873- 892. doi: 10.1177/1461444810385389
Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J., Gray, R., & Lampe, C. (2014). Cultivating social resources on social network sites: Facebook relationship maintenance behaviors and their role in social capital processes. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 855-870. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12078
Fox, J., Warber, K. M., Makstaller, D. C. (2013). The role of Facebook in romantic relationship development: An exploration on Knapp’s relational stage model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(6), 771-794. doi: 10.1177/0265407512468370
Gibbs, J., Ellison, N. B., Heino, R. D. (2006). Self-presentation in online personals: The role of future interaction, self-disclosure, and perceived success in Internet dating. Communication Research, 33(2), 152-177. doi: 10.1177/0093650205285368
Hall, J. A. (2020). Relating through technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
High, A. (2019). Theorizing a more complete picture: Integrating interpersonal communication with computer-mediated communication. Human Communication & Technology, 1, 22-26. https://journals.ku.edu/hct/article/view/11977/11370
High, A. C., & Buehler, E. M. (2019). Receiving supportive communication from Facebook friends: A model of social ties and supportive communication in social network sites. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 36(3), 719-740. doi: 10.1177/0265407517742978
Johnson, A. J., & Becker, J. A. H. (2011). CMC and the conceptualization of “friendship”: How friendships have changed with the advent of new methods of interpersonal communication. In K. B. Wright & L. M. Webb (Eds.) Computer-mediated communication in personal relationships (pp. 225-243). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Koban, K., & Krüger, S. (2018). Out of sigh, (not yet) out of mind: The impact of tie strength on direct interaction and social surveillance among geographically close and long-distance Facebook friends. Communication Research Reports, 35(1), 74-84. doi: 10.1080/08824096.2017.1383235
Ledbetter, A. M. (2016). Friendship and social media. In M. Hojjat & A. Moyer (Eds.), The psychology of friendship (pp. 93–108). Oxford University Press.
Maheshwari, S., & Mukherjee, T. (2020). How strong are our weak ties? Examining the usefulness of Facebook friendship in youths’ life from the Social Penetration Theory. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 9(2), 29-46.
Mason, A. J., & Carr, C. T. (2021). Toward a theoretical framework of relational maintenance in computer-mediated communication. Communication Theory, online first. doi: 10.1093/ct/qtaa035
McEwan, B. (2013). Sharing, caring and surveillin: An actor-partner interdependence model examination of Facebook relational maintenance strategies. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(12), 863-869. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0717
McEwan, B., Sumner, E., Eden, J., & Fletcher, J. (2018). The effects of Facebook relational maintenance on friendship quality: An investigation of the Facebook relational maintenance measure. Communication Research Reports, 35(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1080/08824096.2017.1361393
Park, N., Jin, B., & Jin, S-A. A. (2011). Effects of self-disclosure on relational intimacy in Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1974-1983. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.05.004
Parks, M. R. (2010, June). Who are Facebook friends? Exploring the composition of Facebook friend networks. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Conference, Singapore.
Parks, M. R. (2017). Embracing the challenges and opportunities of mixed-media relationships. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 505-517. doi: 10.111/hcre.12125
Parks, M. R., & Floyd, F. (1996). Meanings for closeness and intimacy in friendship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13(1), 85-107.
Pennington, N. (2020). An examination of relational maintenance and dissolution through social networking sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.106196
Pennington, N. (2021). The maintenance of dormant and commemorative ties by young adults through social media. Southern Communication Journal, 86(3), 244-255. doi: 10.1080/1041794X.2021.1900353
Rawlins, W. K. (1994). Being there and growing apart: Sustaining friendships during adulthood. In D. J. Canary & L. Stafford (Eds.) Communication and relational maintenance (pp. 275-294). Emerald Publishing Group.
Rozzell, B., Piercy, C. W., Carr, C. T., King, S., Lane, B. L., Tornes, M., Johnson, A., & Wright, K. B. (2014). Notification pending: Online social support from close and nonclose relational ties via Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 272-280. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.06.006
Sheldon, P. (2013). Examining gender differences in self-disclosure on Facebook versus face-to-face. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 2(1), 88-105.
Sibona, C. (2014, January). Unfriending on Facebook: Context collapse and unfriending behaviors. Paper presentation at the 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Science (Waikoloa, HI).
Sosik, V. S., & Bazarova, N. N. (2014). Relational maintenance on social network sites: How Facebook communication predicts relational escalation. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 124-131. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.044
Taylor, D., & Altman, I. (1987). Communication in interpersonal relationships: Social penetration processes. In M. Roloff and G. Miller (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research (pp. 257-277). Sage.
Tong, S. T., & Walther, J. B. (2011). Relational maintenance and computer-mediated communication. In K. Wright & L. Webb (Eds.), Computer-mediated communication in personal relationships (pp. 98-118). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Welch, S-A., & Rubin, R. B. (2002). Development of relationship stage measures. Communication Quarterly, 50(1), 24-40. doi: 10.1080/01463370209385644
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).