Discussing Environmental Issues in Chinese Social Media: An Analysis of Greenpeace China’s Weibo Posts and Audience Responses
Keywords:
advocacy, content analysis, emotions, environment, framing, social mediaAbstract
Despite growing interest in citizens’ use of social media for environmental purposes, the way in which environmental non-Governmental organizations (ENGOs) employ social media has been largely neglected. Drawing on environmental communication and message framing scholarship, this content analysis of a year’s worth of Greenpeace China’s Weibo posts and user comments explores a) how a leading ENGO discusses environmental issues on social media, and b) how users react to various environmental topics and framing strategies in terms of liking, sharing, and commenting. Results suggested that Greenpeace China adopted the responsibility frame heavily in messages and focused largely on pollution-related topics. Users reacted the most to food and agriculture-related posts. The conflict frame was related to more emotional comments, and the presence of a responsibility frame was related to more likes and reposts. Implications for framing studies on social media and environmental communication are discussed.
References
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Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
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Lee, F. L. F. (2015). Internet, citizen self-mobilization, and social movement organizations in environmental collective action campaigns: Two Hong Kong cases. Environmental Politics, 24(2), 308-325.
Lee, K., & Ho, M. S. (2014). The Maoming Anti-PX Protest of 2014: An environmental movement in contemporary China. China Perspectives, 3, 33-39.
Lewis, S. C., Zamith, R., & Hermida, A. (2013). Content analysis in an era of big data: A hybrid approach to computational and manual methods. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(1), 34-52.
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Liu, J. (2013). Mobile communication, popular protests and citizenship in China. Modern Asian Studies, 47(3), 995-1018.
Matthes, J. (2009). What’s in a Frame? A content analysis of media framing studies in the world’s leading communication journals, 1990-2005. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 86(2), 349-367.
Merry, M. K. (2014). Broadcast versus interaction: environmental groups’ use of Twitter. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(3), 329 –344. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2014.933723
Morozov, E. (2009). Iran: Downside to the “Twitter revolution.” Dissent, 56(4), 10–14.
Nabi, R. (2003) Exploring the Framing Effects of Emotion Do Discrete Emotions Differentially Influence Information Accessibility, Information Seeking, and Policy Preference? Communication Research, 30(2), 224-247.
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Searles, K. (2010). Feeling Good and doing good for the environment: the use of emotional appeals in pro-environmental public service announcements. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 9(3), 173-184.
Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of communication, 50(2), 93-109.
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Tong, J. (2014). Environmental risks in newspaper coverage: A framing analysis of investigative reports on environmental Problems in 10 Chinese Newspapers, Environmental Communication, 8(3), 345-367.
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Weber, J., & Fan, L. (2016). How Chinese journalism students view domestic and foreign media: a survey on credibility, censorship, and the role of the communist party in media. Human Rights Quarterly, 38(1), 194-207.
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Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing process and social movements: An overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 611-639.
Bennett, W. L. & Segerberg, A., 2012. The logic of connective action: digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information, Communication & Society, 15 (5), 739–768. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661
Bortree, D. S., Ahern, L., Smith, A. S. & Dou, X. (2013). Framing environmental responsibility: 30 years of CSR messages in National Geographic Magazine. Public Relations Review, 39(5), 491-496. DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.07.003
Campbell, V. (2014). Framing environmental risks and natural disasters in factual entertainment television. Environmental Communication, 8(1), 58-74. DOI: 10.1080/17524032.2013.848222
Chokshi, N. (2016, August). How #blacklivesmatter came to define a movement. NYT.com. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/23/us/how-blacklivesmatter-came-to-define-a-movement.html?_r=0
Costanza-Chock, S., & Castells, M. (2014). Out of the shadows, into the streets!: Transmedia organizing and the immigrant rights movement. MIT press.
Cui, H., Fei, L., & Liu, W. (2014, September). Greenpeace and 10 years’ war of anti-genetic modified food. Time-Weekly.com. Retrieved from http://business.sohu.com/20140923/n404554449.shtml
Davis, J. (1995). The effects of message framing on response to environmental communications. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 72(2), 285-299.
De Burgh, H., & Rong, Z. (2012). China’s Environment and China’s Environment Journalists: A study. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
DeLuca, K. M., Brunner, E., & Sun, Y. (2016). Constructing Public Space | Weibo, WeChat, and the Transformative Events of Environmental Activism in China. International Journal of Communication, 10.
DeLuca, K. M., Lawson, S., & Sun, Y. (2012). Occupy Wall Street on the public screens of social media: The many framings of the birth of a protest movement. Communication, Culture & Critique, 5(4), 483-509.
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6(3-4), 169-200.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of power: Framing news, public opinion, and US foreign policy. University of Chicago Press.
Gao, Y. (2015, March). Difficulties exist on promoting third parties in dealing with environmental issues (in Chinese). News.qq.com. Retrieved from: http://news.qq.com/a/20150304/000554.htm
García, M. M. (2011). Perception is truth: How US newspapers framed the “Go Green” conflict between BP and Greenpeace. Public Relations Review, 37(1), 57-59.
Gazali, E. (2014). Learning by clicking: An experiment with social media democracy in Indonesia. International Communication Gazette, 76 (4), 425-439.
Gross, K., & D’Ambrosio, L. (2004). Framing emotional response. Political Psychology, 25, 1–29.
Hamdy, N., & Gomaa, E. H. (2012). Framing the Egyptian uprising in Arabic language newspapers and social media. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 195-211.
Harlow, S. (2012). Social media and social movements: Facebook and an online Guatemalan justice movement that moved offline. New Media & Society, 14(2), 225-243.
Harlow, S., & Harp, D. (2012). Collective action on the Web: A cross-cultural study of social networking sites and online and offline activism in the United States and Latin America. Information, Communication & Society, 15(2), 196-216.
Hayes, A. & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(1), 77–89.
Herold, D. K., & Marolt, P. (Eds.). (2011). Online society in China: Creating, celebrating, and instrumentalising the online carnival (Vol. 25). Taylor & Francis.
Hipolito, J. (2011). The sensorial effect: Dynamics of emotion in pro-environmental behavior. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 10,189–200.
Hodges, H. E., & Stocking, G. (2016). A pipeline of tweets: environmental movements’ use of Twitter in response to the Keystone XL pipeline. Environmental Politics, 25(2), 223-247.
Holton, A., Lee, N., & Coleman, R. (2014). Commenting on health: A framing analysis of user comments in response to health articles online. Journal of Health Communication, 19(7), 825 837.
Hook, L. (2013, March). Weibo alters china’s environmental debate. Financial Times. Retrieved from: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a924440e-7fef-11e2-af49-00144feabdc0.html#slide0
Ji, Q. (2016). A Comparative View of Censored and Uncensored Political Discussion: The Case of Chinese Social Media Users. In M. Adria & Y. Mao (Eds.). Handbook of Research on Citizen Engagement and Public Participation in the Era of New Media. Hershey, PA: IGI books.
Johnson, E., & Tversky, A. (1983). Affect, generalization and the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 20–31.
Junor, S. (2014). Social media changing the protest landscape in China. Indexoncensorship.org. Retrieved from: http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2014/01/social-media-giving-rise-democratic-consciousness-china/
Juris, J. S. (2005). The new digital media and activist networking within anti-corporate globalization movements. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 597(1), 189-208.
Kang, J. (2012). A volatile public: The 2009 Whole Foods boycott on Facebook. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(4), 562-577.
Kaur, K. (2015). Social media creating digital environmental publics: Case of Lynas Malaysia. Public Relations Review, 41(2), 311-314.
Kay, S., Zhao, B., & Sui, D. (2015). Can social media clear the air? A case study of the air pollution problem in Chinese cities. The Professional Geographer, 67(3), 351-363.
King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. E. (2013). How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression. American Political Science Review, 107(02), 326–343.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Lakoff, G. (2010). Why it matters how we frame the environment. Environmental Communication, 4(1), 70-81.
Lee, F. L. F. (2015). Internet, citizen self-mobilization, and social movement organizations in environmental collective action campaigns: Two Hong Kong cases. Environmental Politics, 24(2), 308-325.
Lee, K., & Ho, M. S. (2014). The Maoming Anti-PX Protest of 2014: An environmental movement in contemporary China. China Perspectives, 3, 33-39.
Lewis, S. C., Zamith, R., & Hermida, A. (2013). Content analysis in an era of big data: A hybrid approach to computational and manual methods. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(1), 34-52.
Li, W., Liu, J., & Li, D. (2012). Getting their voices heard: Three cases of public participation in environmental protection in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 98(15), 65-72.
Liu, J. (2013). Mobile communication, popular protests and citizenship in China. Modern Asian Studies, 47(3), 995-1018.
Matthes, J. (2009). What’s in a Frame? A content analysis of media framing studies in the world’s leading communication journals, 1990-2005. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 86(2), 349-367.
Merry, M. K. (2014). Broadcast versus interaction: environmental groups’ use of Twitter. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(3), 329 –344. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2014.933723
Morozov, E. (2009). Iran: Downside to the “Twitter revolution.” Dissent, 56(4), 10–14.
Nabi, R. (2003) Exploring the Framing Effects of Emotion Do Discrete Emotions Differentially Influence Information Accessibility, Information Seeking, and Policy Preference? Communication Research, 30(2), 224-247.
Obar, J. A. (2014). Canadian Advocacy 2.0: An analysis of social media adoption and perceived affordances by advocacy groups looking to advance activism in canada. Canadian Journal of Communication, 39(2), 211-233.
Rawnsley, G. D., & Ming-yeh, T. R. (Eds.). (2015). Routledge Handbook of Chinese Media. Routledge: UK.
Scheufele, D. A. (2000). Agenda-setting, priming, and framing revisited: Another look at cognitive effects of political communication. Mass Communication & Society, 3(2-3), 297-316.
Searles, K. (2010). Feeling Good and doing good for the environment: the use of emotional appeals in pro-environmental public service announcements. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 9(3), 173-184.
Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of communication, 50(2), 93-109.
Shapiro, J. (2013). The Evolving Tactics of China’s Green Movement. Current History, 112 (755), 224-229.
Shi, W., Wang, H., & He, S. (2013). Sentiment analysis of Chinese microblogging based on sentiment ontology: a case study of ‘7.23 Wenzhou Train Collision’. Connection Science, 25(4), 161-178.
Snow, D. A., Rochford Jr, E. B., Worden, S. K., & Benford, R. D. (1986). Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation. American sociological review, 464-481.
Sullivan, J. (2013). China's Weibo: Is faster different? New Media & Society. 16(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.1177/1461444812472966
Sullivan, J., & Xie, L. (2009). Environmental activism, social networks and the internet. The China Quarterly, 198, 422-432.
Terracina-Hartman, C., Bienkowski, B., Myers, M., & Kanthawala, S. (2013). Social media for environmental action: What prompts engagement and intent toward activism. International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society, 9(4), 143-161.
Tilt, B. (2006). Perceptions of risk from industrial pollution in china: A comparison of occupational groups. Human Organization, 65(2), 115–27
Tilt, B., & Xiao, Q. (2010). Media coverage of environmental pollution in the People’s Republic of China: Responsibility, cover-up and state control. Media Culture & Society, 32(2), 225-245.
Tong, J. (2014). Environmental risks in newspaper coverage: A framing analysis of investigative reports on environmental Problems in 10 Chinese Newspapers, Environmental Communication, 8(3), 345-367.
Uzoechi, N. (2014). ‘Oil complex’and social responsibility theory of the media: shaping Nigeria’s environmental discourse with social media. International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development, 13(2), 117-134.
Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of information, opinion expression, and activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920-942.
Van Stekelenburg, J., & Klandermans, B. (2013). The social psychology of protest. Current Sociology, 61(5-6), 886-905.
Van Zomeren, M. (2013). Four core social-psychological motivations to undertake collective action. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 378-388.
Wang, R. & Liu, Y. (2016): Discussing mental illness in Chinese social media: the impact of influential sources on stigmatization and support among their followers. Health Communication, 31(3), 355-363.
Weber, J., & Fan, L. (2016). How Chinese journalism students view domestic and foreign media: a survey on credibility, censorship, and the role of the communist party in media. Human Rights Quarterly, 38(1), 194-207.
Weeks, B. E., & Holbert, R. L. (2013). Predicting dissemination of news content in social media a focus on reception, friending, and partisanship. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), 212-232.
Xiao, Q. (2011). The Battle for the Chinese Internet. Journal of Democracy, 22(2), 47-61.
Xu, H., Lin, H., Pan, Y., Hui, R., & Chen, J. (2008). The construction of Chinese emotion word ontology. Journal of the China Society for Scientific and Technical Information, 27(2), 180-185
Zhang, Z., & Negro, G. (2013). Weibo in China: Understanding its development through communication analysis and cultural studies. Communication, Politics & Culture, 46(2), 199.
Zhu, L. (2013). Social media and public diplomacy: Foreign to China’s environmental movements. Exchange: The Journal of Public Diplomacy, 4(1), 7.
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